Macular pigment

Most carotenoids have no pro-vitamin A activity with the notable exceptions of P-carotene, and to a lesser extent a-carotene and P-cryptoxanthin. They act as macular pigments (lutein and zeaxanthin) and they have antioxidant and biochemical properties other than pro-vitamin A activity. 

JOHNSON E J, HAMMOND B R, YEUM K, J, QIN J, WANG X D, CASTANEDA C, SNODDERLY D M and RUSSELL R M (2000) Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr. 71(6) 1555-62. 

LANDRUM J T and BONE R A (2001) Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment . Arch Biochem Biophys, 385, 28-40. 

Landrum, J.T. and Bone, R.A., Lutein, zeaxanthin and the macular pigment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 385, 28, 2001. 

Comprehensive reviews published by Snodderly and Beatty et al. " explore the evidence for a protective fnnction by the macular pigment against age-related macnlar diseases and the mechanisms by which it might act. The antioxidant properties of Intein and zeaxanthin recently reviewed by Young and Lowe may rednce the degree to which oxidative damage promotes these diseases. Otherwise, becanse these... 

Landrum, J.T. et al., The macular pigment a possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration, Adv. Pharmacol, 38, 537, 1997. 

Whitehead, A.J. et ah. Macular pigment a review of current knowledge. Arch. Ophthalmol, 124, 1038, 2006. 

Beatty, S. et al. (2000a). Macular pigment optical density measurement A novel compact instrument. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 20 105-111. 

Berendschot, T. T. J. M. et al. (2000). Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 41 3322-3326. 

Bone, R. (1980). The role of the macular pigment in the detection of polarized light. Vision Research 20 213-220. 

Bone, R. A. and J. T. Landrum (1984). Macular pigment in Henle fiber membranes a model for Haidinger s brushes. Vision Research 24 103-108. 

Bone, R. A. et al. (1985). Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Research 25 1531-1535. 

Bour, L. J. et al. (2002). Fundus photography for measurement of macular pigment density distribution in children. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 43 1450-1455. 

Chen, S.-J. et al. (2001). The spatial distribution of macular pigment in humans. Current Eye Research 23 422-434. 

Delori, F. C. et al. (2001). Macular pigment density measured by autofluorescence spectrometry Comparison with reflectometry and heterochromatic flicker photometry. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 18 1212-1230. 

Eisner, A. E. et al. (1998). Foveal cone photopigment distribution Small alterations associated with macular pigment distribution. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 39 2394—2404. 

Hammond, B. R. and M. Caruso-Avery (2000). Macular pigment optical density in a southwestern sample. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 41 1492-1497. 

Hammond Jr., B. R. and K. Fuld (1992). Interocular differences in macular pigment density. Investigative Ophthalmology Visual Science 33 350-355. 

Kilbride, P. E. et al. (1989). Human macular pigment assessed by imaging fundus reflectometry. Vision Research 29 663-674. 

Moreland, J. D. (2004). Macular pigment assessment by motion photometry. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 430 143-148. 

Robson, A. G. et al. (2003). Macular pigment density and distribution Comparison of fundus autofluorescence with minimum motion photometry. Vision Research 43(16) 1765-1775. 

Rodriguez-Carmona, M. et al. (2006). The effects of supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin on human macular pigment density and colour vision. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 26 137-147. 

Snodderly, D. M. et al. (2004). Macular pigment measurements by heterochromatic flicker photometry in older subjects The carotenoids and age-related eye disease study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 45 531-538. 

Stringham, J. M. et al. (2008). The utility of using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry (cHFP) to measure macular pigment in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Experimental Eye Research 87 445 153. 

Van de Kraats, J. et al. (2006). Fast assessment of the central macular pigment density with natural pupil using the macular pigment reflectometer. Journal of Biomedical Optics 11 064031. 

Werner, J. S. et al. (1987). Aging and the human macular pigment density. Appended with translations from the work of Max Schultz and Ewald Hering. Vision Research 27 257-68. 

West, P. and J. Mellerio (2005). An innovative instrument for the psychophysical measurement of macular pigment optical density using a CRT display. International Color Vision Society Annual Meeting, Lyons, France. 

Wooten, B. R. et al. (1999). A practical method for measuring macular pigment optical density. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 40 2481-2489. 

Wtistemeyer, H. et al. (2002). A new instrument for the quantification of macular pigment density First results in patients with AMD and healthy subjects. Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 240 666-671. 

Spatially Integrated Resonance Raman Measurements of Macular Pigment.90... 

Spatially Resolved Resonance Raman Imaging of Macular Pigment.95... 

SPATIALLY INTEGRATED RESONANCE RAMAN MEASUREMENTS OF MACULAR PIGMENT... 

In ocular applications, Raman spectroscopy can quickly and objectively assess composite lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations of macular pigment using spatially averaged, integral measurements or images that quantify and map the complete MP distribution with high spatial resolution. Importantly, both variants can be validated with HPLC methods in excised human eyecups and in animal models. 

Berendschot TTJM, WiUemse-Assink JJM, Bastiaanse M, de Jong PTVM, and van Norren D (2002), Macular pigment and melanin in age-related maculopathy in a general population, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 43 1928-1932. 

Berendschot TTJM and van Norren D (2004), Objective determination of the macular pigment optical density using fundus reflectance spectroscopy, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 430 149-155. 

---