Dark adaptation

Rat 21 d (Long- Evans) Ld 1-21 (W) Ocular 0.08 F (decreased rod sensitivity and range of dark adaptation) Fox and Katz PbAc... 

Cuppers, C. and E. Wagner (1950). Pharmacological effect on retinal function normal dark adaptation (German). Klin Monatsbldtter Augenheilkd 117(1) 59-69. 

Klaes, H. and H. Riegel (1951). Effect of adaptinol on dark adaptation of the human eye (German). Medizinische Monatsschrift 5(5) 334—337. 

Mueller-Limmroth, W. and B. Schmidt (1961b). The human ERG after glare in the course of early dark adaptation and its modification by adaptinol (German). Med. Welt 27 1413-1421. 

Pfeifer, H. (1957). Experiments on the effect of helenien on normal and reduced dark-adaptation (German), von Graefe s Arch. Ophthalmol. 159(3) 311-322. 

Jackson, GR, Owsley, C, and McGwin, G, 1999. Aging and dark adaptation. Vision Res 39, 3975-3982. 

Lamb, TD and Pugh, EN, 2004. Dark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of vision. Prog Retin Eye Res 23, 307-380. 

Mata, NL, Tzekov, RT, Liu, XR, Weng, J, Birch, DG, and Travis, GH, 2001. Delayed, dark-adaptation and lipofuscin accumulation in abcr+/- mice Implications for involvement of ABCR in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42, 1685-1690. 

Owsley, C, Jackson, GR, White, M, Feist, R, and Edwards, D, 2001. Delays in rod-mediated dark adaptation in early age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmology 108, 1196-1202. 

Owsley, C, McGwin, G, Jackson, GR, Heimburger, DC, Piyathilake, CJ, Klein, R, White, MF, and Kallies, K, 2006. Effect of short-term, high-dose retinol on dark adaptation in aging and early age-related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47, 1310-1318. 

The adverse effects of antiandrogens are gynecomastia, hot flushes, GI disturbances, liver function test abnormalities, and breast tenderness. GI disturbances consist of diarrhea for flutamide and bicalutamide and nausea or constipation for nilutamide. Flutamide is also associated with methemoglobinemia, whereas nilutamide causes visual disturbances (impaired dark adaptation), alcohol intolerance, and interstitial pneumonitis. 

Leaves were dark-adapted therefore, there is no detectable level of zeaxanthin. Concentrations are nmol pigment (mol chi a — b), the P value from one factor ANOVA is displayed below each column. V-A-Z = xanthophyll pool (violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin) EPS = epoxidation state. Reprinted with permission from P. J. Ralph et al. [76]. 

Figure 48 shows representative experimental 2H NMR spectra from the labeled retinal in bR in a dark-adapted PM sample. The line shape simulations that were generated in the data analysis are superimposed on the experimental spectra. The powder pattern [Figure 48(a)] serves as a general reference for the tilt series of spectra recorded at various sample inclinations [Figure 48(b)], because it defines the accessible frequency region over which the spectral intensity can occur. The oriented sample was measured at every 22.5° between 0° and 90°, of which three inclinations are represented in Figure 48(b) with a = 0°, 45° and 90°. 

FIGURE 48. Representative 2H NMR spectra (full lines) of dark-adapted bR (90 mg) containing deuteriated retinal, with line shape simulations (dashed lines) superimposed. Both the powder spectrum (a) from randomly oriented PM patches and the tilt series (b) over sample inclinations, a = 0, 45° and 90°, were recorded at — 60 °C (number of scans, 1.7 x 105, for a = 0°). Spectrum (c) was measured at 21 °C with a = 0° (number of scans, 3 x 105). Reprinted with permission from Reference 60. Copyright (1997) American Chemical Society... 

It was previously shown by our group that CO can bind to the active site at the level of both the Nig-S and the Nia-C states. Here we discovered, however, that CO can very rapidly (within 10 ms) reach the active site, but cannot bind to enzyme in the Nig-C state in the absence of light. Binding occurs only upon illumination. This conld even be demonstrated in a frozen enzyme solution (at temperatures below -80°C) by a cycle of illumination and dark adaptation. Based on these findings we conclude that CO does not bind to Nia-C because of the low electron density on Ni (Fig. 7.9). 

---