Antiviral properties

Any changes in biological activity resulting from DNA modifications are expected to be readily observed with viruses. Hudson has extensively 

The compounds were tested for activity against two viruses with membranes. They were MCMV, a double stranded DNA herpes virus which replicates in the nucleus of mouse cells, and Sindbis virus (SV), a single-stranded RNA virus which replicates in many types of animal cells. The compounds were also tested on viruses without membranes phage T4 and fish infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Antiviral activity was observed only with ultraviolet activation. 

Only time will tell whether viral infections in man, such as AIDS, can be treated successfully with photosensitizing molecules. It is interesting to note, however, that fungal infections in patients with a depressed immune system generally have grave consequences and that drugs with 

Hudson suggested that two distinct mechanisms of light-dependent activity operated, one involving membranes, the other affecting proteins or nucleic acids when membranes were absent. The possibility that the sensitizer reaches critical locations for damaging DNA and/or viral proteins through specific initial interactions with membranes has not been evaluated. 

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Ozone. Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen, O. Because it is an unstable gas, it must be generated at the point of use. Ozone is an effective, clean oxidizing agent possessing powerful antibacterial and antiviral properties. 

Heveker, N., Montes, M., Germeroth, L., Amara, A., Trautmann, A., Alizon, M., and Schneider-Mergener, J. (1998). Dissociation of the signalling and antiviral properties of SDF-1-derived small peptides. Current Biology 8 369-376. 

Interferons (EFNs) are a family of multifunctional secreted proteins in vertebrates. Their most prominent functions are their antiviral properties on homologous cells against a wide range of viruses. It is important to note that prior exposure to EFN is required to render cells resistant to viral infection and replication. In contrast to antibodies, EFNs have no direct neutralizing effect on viruses. 

FIGURE F.l The research vessel Alpha Helix is used by chemists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to search for marine organisms that contain compounds of medicinal value. Compounds found to have antifungal or antiviral properties are then subjected to the kinds of analvses described in this section. 

F.18 In 1978, scientists extracted a compound with antitumor and antiviral properties from marine animals in the Caribbean Sea. A sample of the compound didemnin-A of mass 1.78 mg was analyzed and found to have the following composition ... 

Craig JC, Duncan IB, Hockley D, Grief C, Roberts NA, Mills JS (1991) Antiviral properties of Ro 31-8959, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase. Antiviral Res 16 295-305... 

In addition to their direct antiviral properties described earlier, IFNs exhibit potent immunomodulatory properties that contribute to their antiviral effects by activating... 

In conclusion, IFNs have proven to be invaluable tools in the fight against chronic viral hepatitis. In these indications, their antiviral properties play a major role and it remains unclear whether their immunomodulatory properties are also important. Disappointing results obtained with purely immunomodulatory molecules, such as interleukins or Toll-like receptor agonists suggest that, if immunomodulation plays any role, potent inhibition of viral replication is also needed. The role of IFNs in the treatment of viral infections other than hepatitis B and C remains elusive. 

The red microalga genus Porphyridium is a source of biochemicals possessing nutritional and therapeutic values. The biochemicals include polysaccharides that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids such as zeaxanthin, and fluorescent phycobiliproteins. 

POLY(AMINO acids). Both anionic [e.g., poly(L-aspartic acid) and poly(glutamic acid)] and cationic [e.g., poly[L-lysine)] poly(amino acids) have been suggested as potential drug carriers. Poly(L-lysine) is a homopolymer cosisting of repeating units of L-lysine. It exhibits some affinity for cancer cells and possesses antimicrobial and antiviral properties. It also shows... 

Triclosan is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent with antifungal and antiviral properties, widely employed in personal care products such as soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, and cosmetics [40]. Fungal-mediated degradation studies have been mainly performed by means of enzymatic processes, although a couple of whole cell transformation reports are available. 

Since the beginning of our work with liposomes that dates back more than 20 years, we chose the approach of the chemical transformation of water-soluble nucleosides of known cytotoxic and antiviral properties into lipophilic drugs or prodrugs (see references summarized in Table 1). 

Schott H, et al. Synthesis, and antiviral properties in vitro of amphiphilic dinucleoside phosphate derivatives of 2, 3 -dideoxycyticine (ddC). Antivir Chem Chemother 1995 6 320. 

Vlietinck, A. J., L. van Hoof, J. Totte, et al. Screening of hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties. J Ethnopharmacol 1995 46(1) 31-47. 

The antibacterial and antiviral properties of mono-, di-, and trifluoroalanines are connected to their capacity to inhibit, in an irreversible way, many enzymes (cf. Chapter 1) They have been the subject of numerous synthetic studies. We only report on the most recent and significant ones, without detailing the general methods of amino acid chemistry or the techniques of electrophilic fluorination, which have recently been reviewed. ... 

By far, 2-fluoro-2-deoxyfuranoses have been the most studied compounds. Indeed, at a structural level they are the closest analogues of 2-deoxynucleosides. Due to its electronic effect, the fluorine atom in the 2 position inhibits development of a positive charge on the anomeric carbon (which is responsible for the hydrolytic cleavage of nucleosides). In order to enhance the stability of 2-deoxynucleosides in acidic medium, and thus make oral administration of an antiviral compound easier, introduction of a fluorine atom in the 2 position is a commonly used strategy. The resulting protective effect toward proteolysis has been well demonstrated, as exemplified by the fluorinated analogues of ddl and ddA (cf. Chapter 3, Figure 3.13). However, the presence of this fluorine atoms often induces modifications in the antiviral properties of the molecule. ... 

Unsaturated nucleosides with fluorine atoms on the 2 or 3 position have also been investigated for their potential antiviral properties (HIV and HBV). 

More than 24 human genes code for 16 variants of IFN-a molecules. Human IFN-a proteins contain either 165 or 166 amino acid residues, with an overall molecular weight of 19,000 Da. The two primary human subtypes are IFN-a-2a and IFN-a-2b, which differ only at position 23 (a lysine residue in IFN-a-2a and arginine in IFN-a-2b). IFN-a type proteins exhibit complex antineoplastic and antiviral properties. Recombinant variants have been studied in the treatment of hepatitis C. 

Most flavonoids are potent antioxidant compounds. Several flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antimmour, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Many traditional medicines and medicinal plants contain flavonoids... 

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