Hydrophilic compound

One particular feature of ionic liquids lies in their solvation properties, not only for hydrophobic compounds but also for hydrophilic compounds such as carbohydrates. Park and Kazlauskas reported the regioselective acylation of glucose in 99 % yield and with 93 % selectivity in [MOEMIM][BF4] (MOE = CH3OCH2CH2), values much higher than those obtained in the organic solvents commonly used for this purpose (Entry 18) [22] (Scheme 8.3-4). 

The available evidence indicates that endosulfan can be metabolized in animals to other lipophilic compounds, which can rapidly enter tissues, and to more hydrophilic compounds that can be excreted. 

Reverse Phase Evaporation Szoka and Papahadjopoulos (1978) developed the so-called reverse phase evaporation method. Vesicles prepared with this technique (REV) show higher encapsulation efficiencies of hydrophilic compounds than unextruded MLV. 

Palytoxin is a relatively large (MW 2681), hydrophilic compound (7, 2), unlike the prototypical TPA-type tumor promoters, the phorbol esters. Although palytoxin... 

C-18 Sep Pak cartridges have become popular because of their ease of use and high efficiency for fractionating anthocyanins. In an aqueous phase, anthocyanins and other hydrophobic compounds are bound while more hydrophilic compounds such as acids and sugars can be washed away with water. The water can be slightly acidified with 0.01% HCl to stabilize the anthocyanins on the C18 resin. ... 

Another method of delivery of drug to the anterior segment of the eye that has proved successful is prodrug administration [144]. Since the corneal surface presents an effective lipoidal barrier, especially to hydrophilic compounds, it seems reasonable that a prodrug that is more lipophilic than the parent drug will be more successful in penetrating this barrier. 

Knipp GT, NFH Ho, CL Barsuhn, RT Borchardt. (1997). Paracellular diffusion in Caco-2 cell monolayers Effect of perturbation on the transport of hydrophilic compounds that vary in charge and size. J Pharm Sci 86 1105-1110. 

Morimoto et al. [33] demonstrated that the ocular absorption of hydrophilic compounds over a wide range of molecular weights could be increased by 2 and 10 mM sodium taurocholate and sodium taurodeoxycholate in a dose-dependent manner. The compounds were glutathione (307 Da), 6-carboxyfluorescein (376 Da), FTTC-dextran (4 kDa), and insulin (5.7 kDa). Of the two bile salts, sodium taurodeoxycholate was more effective. At 10 mM, this bile salt increased the permeability of 6-carboxyfluorescein from 0.02% to 11%, glutathione from 0.08% to 6%, FITC-dextran from 0% to 0.07%, and insulin from 0.06% to 3.8%. Sodium taurocholate, on the other hand, increased the permeability to 0.13%, 0.38%, 0.0011%, and 0.14%, respectively. Taurodeoxycholate was more effective than taurocholate in the nasal epithelium as well [202], This difference in activities can possibly be attributed to their micelle-forming capability, which is higher for taurodeoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt [190],... 

KM Morimoto, T Nakai, K Morisaka. (1987). Evaluation of permeability enhancement of hydrophilic compounds and macromolecular compounds by bile salts through rabbit corneas in vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 39 124-126. 

K Morimoto, T Nakamura, K Morisaka. (1989). Effect of medium-chain fatty acid salts on penetration of a hydrophilic compound and a macromolecular compound across rabbit corneas. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 302 18-26. 

There are two approaches to synthesizing hydrophilic carotenoids (1) appending a hydrophilic group to the carotenoid scaffold (Foss et al. 2006a) or (2) joining a carotenoid to a hydrophilic compound, Scheme 3.3 (Foss et al. 2003). Whereas the Scheme 3.3 intuitively explains the difference, these techniques cannot be clearly separated in praxis the distinction may appear more emotional than conceptual. Both methods are habitually hampered by low yields, find their limits in the availability of functionalized carotenoids, and cause problems in the work-up procedure due to the amphiphilic character of the products. 

Type I drugs these consist of hydrophilic compounds, including tetraethyl-... 

Although the absence of paracellular transport across the BBB impedes the entry of small hydrophilic compounds into the brain, low-molecular-weight lipophilic substances may pass through the endothelial cell membranes and cytosol by passive diffusion [7]. While this physical barrier cannot protect the brain against chemicals, the metabolic barrier formed by the enzymes from the endothelial cell cytosol may transform these chemicals. Compounds transported through the BBB by carrier-mediated systems may also be metabolized. Thus, l-DOPA is transported through the BBB and then decarboxylated to dopamine by the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase [7]. 

ANALYSIS OF ALLELOCHEMICAL BINDING IN A CELL 3.1 Hydrophilic Compounds... 

For many hydrophilic compounds such as the alcohols, Kow is low and can be less than 1.0, resulting in negative values of log Kow. In such cases, care should be taken when using correlations developed for more hydrophobic chemicals since partitioning into biota or organic carbon phases may be primarily into aqueous rather than organic media. 

---