Diesel soot particles

A number of environmental applications [3] have been performed in order to size characterize colloids collected in rivers (riverbome particles, SPM, and sediments), clay samples and ground limestone (from soils), coal particles, diesel soot particles (from combustion processes), or airborne particles in urban areas (from waste incinerators, vehicles, household-heating systems, and manufacturing). In many of these cases, not only the size but also the particle size distribution was important and thus, in conjunction with the traditional UV detector, specific detectors such as ETAAS, ICP-MS, ICP-AES were used [40] in order to obtain more detailed, more specific compositional information. 

The physical and chemical complexity of primary combustion-generated POM is illustrated in Fig. 10.1 (Johnson et al., 1994), a schematic diagram of a diesel exhaust particle and associated copollutants. The gas-phase regime contains volatile (2-ring) PAHs and a fraction of the semivolatile (3- and 4-ring) PAHs. The particle-phase contains the remainder of the semivolatile PAHs ( particle-associated ) along with the 5- and 6-ring heavy PAHs adsorbed/absorbed to the surface of the elemental carbon spheres that constitute the backbone of the overall diesel soot particle. Also present is sulfate formed from oxidation of sulfur present in the diesel fuel and gas- and particle-phase PACs. 

Weingartner, E., H. Burtscher, and U. Baltensperger, Hygroscopic Properties of Carbon and Diesel Soot Particles, Atmos. Environ, 31, 2311-2327 (1997). 

Filtration and chemical reactions can be usefully integrated in order to separate diesel soot particles efficiently from motor exhaust gases, and this is illustrated by Rieckmann and Volker in Chapter 15, together with a series of other examples of reactive filtration processes which are realized in the chemical industries. 

Wang et al. reported sol-gel preparation of Lai K cMn03 NPs, and examined their catalytic activity for the combustion of diesel soot particles (Wang et al., 2005a). It was foimd that as the K content increases, the combustion temperature decreases, and the samples with x = 0.20 and 0.25 are good candidate catalysts for the soot particle removal reaction under loose contact conditions. 

Arens, F., L. Qutzwiller, U. Baltensperger, H. W. Gaggeler and M. Amman, (2001) Heterogeneous Reaction of NO2 on Diesel Soot Particles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35,2191-2199. 

The term catalytic combustion generally means a complete oxidation of hydrocarbons to C02 and H20 over solid catalysts. Catalyst technology for air-pollution control such as exhaust gas treatment, abatement of the emission of VOCs, combustion of diesel soot particles, and high temperature combustion have boosted research in catalytic combustion. 

Lammel, G., and Novakov, T. (1995) Water nucleation properties of carbon black and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ. 29, 817-823. 

Strommen MR, Kamens RM (1999) Simulation of semivolatile organic compound microtransport at different time scales in airborne diesel soot particles. Environ Sci Technol 33 1738-1746 Thibodeaux LJ, Nadler KC, Valsaraj KT, Reible RR (1991) The effect of moisture on volatile organic chemical gas-to-particle partitioning with atmospheric aerosols-competitive adsorption theory predictions. Atmos Environ 25A 1649-1656 Thompson JD, Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG (2003) Predicting aqueous solubilities from aqueous free energies of solvation and experimental or calculated vapor pressures of pure substances. J Chem Phys 19 1661-1670... 

Mlcn r h of diesel soot Particles as clusters of sphrerules... 

DPM is a component of diesel exhaust (DE) that includes soot particles made up primarily of carbon, ash, metallic abrasion particles, sulfates and silicates. Diesel soot particles have a solid core consisting of elemental carbon, with other substances attached to the surface, including organic carbon compounds known as aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Vaaraslahti, K., Ristimaki, J., Virtanen, A., Keskinen,)., Giechaskiel, B., and Solla, A. (2006) Effect of oxidation catalysts on diesel soot particles. Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 40, 4776-4781. 

Arens, F., GutzwUler, L., Baltensperger, U., Giiggeler, H.W., Ammann, M. Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 rat diesel soot particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2191-2199 (2001)... 

Figure 13 Lung burdens of diesel soot particles in rats chronically exposed to diesel exhaust The means and standard errors are plotted for data from animals killed at various times after exposures were initiated and compared with simulation model results, assuming no effect of exposure concentration on deposition or clearance of particles.

Diesel soot particles are almost entirely of respirable size, and consist of an elemental carbon core formed of aggregated primary particles and a variable amount of adsorbed organic sulfur, and metal compounds condensed onto the... 

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