DIDP

The and C q iso-phthalates (DINP and DIDP) generally compete with DEHP as commodity general-purpose plasticizers. Other iso-phthalates are available at opposite ends of the carbon number range (eg, diisoheptyl phthalate (DIHP), C, and diisotridecyl phthalate (DTDP), but these serve more speciaUty markets. The Cg iso-phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), has also had traditional sales ia the commodity plasticizer markets where it is seen as an equivalent to DEHP. 

The Specialty Plasticizers. Eor the purpose of this article, the term specialty plasticizer refers to any plasticizer other than DEHP (DOP), DIOP, DINP, or DIDP. 

Plasticizer Efficiency. This is a measure of the concentration of plasticizer required to impart a specified softness to PVC. Such a softness of material may be measured as a British Standard Softness (BSS) or a Shore hardness (Pig. 1). Por a given acid constituent of plasticizer ester, ie, phthalate, adipate, etc, plasticizer efficiency decreases as the carbon number of the alcohol chain increases, eg, for phthalate esters efficiency decreases in the order DBP > DIHP > DOP > DINP > DIDP > DTDP. An additional six parts per hundred in PVC of DIDP rather than DOP is required to give a hardness of Shore 80 when ah. other formulation ingredients remain constant. The consequence of this depends on the overall formulation and product costs. In addition to size of the carbon number of the alcohol chain, the amount of branching is also significant the more linear isomers are of greater efficiency. 

DTDP > DIDP > DINP > DOP > DIHP > DBP. Higher molecular weight esters such as trimeUitates are even more thermally stable and trimeUitate esters find extensive use in the demanding cable specifications which have strict mass loss requirements. 

Sediment Toxicity. Because of their low solubiUty ia water and lipophilic nature, phthalates tend to be found ia sediments. Unfortunately httle work has previously been carried out on the toxicity of phthalates to sediment dwelling organisms. Eor this reason ECPI has commissioned some sediment toxicity studies designed to measure the effect of DEHP and DIDP ia a natural river sediment on the emergence of the larvae of the midge, Chironomus riparius. 

Other chemicals that are common in different RSL are phthalates. Phthalates are usually used as softening agents in plastics to obtain the required flexibility. The most common phthalates included on restriction lists for the leather industry are bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di- isononyl phthalate (DINP), D- isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). All these chemicals are included on the SVHC list (Candidate List), and currently (2012) there is a proposal to restrict the placing of products containing DEHP, BBP and DBP on the market in the EU. 

As well as aiding processing, a major function of plasticisers is to extend the operating temperature range by improving low temperature flexibility. The majority of demand in CR and NBR is satisfied by general purpose phthalate plasticisers di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). However, a wide variety of speciality plasticisers, mainly esters, are marketed within the rubber industry. The majority of these have linear molecular structures giving them better low temperature performance than the phthalates. Examples of such plasticisers are di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DOA), butyl carbitol adipate, di(butoxyethoxyethyl) adipate (BCA), and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS). 

A decision by the European Parliament to put restrictions on the use of six phthalate plasticisers ignores scientific risk assessments and threatens the basis for Reach, the impending European legislation on chemical strategy. The Strasbourg parliament has voted to ban DEHP, DBP and BBP in children s toys and childcare items. DINP, DIDP and DNOP will be banned from use if the toys or items can be put in the mouth by children. An EU scientific risk assessment said children were not at risk from DINP in toys. A similar study in the US by the Consumer Product Safety Commission reached the same conclusion. European Commission... 

Phthalate esters orphthalates are molecules predominantly used in commerce to make plastic flexible. The substances produced in highest quantity, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP or DOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) are used almost exclusively as plasticisers in flexible PVC. Recently, these phthalates have been the focus of regulatory attention around the... 

Permanent bans on six phthalates in certain kinds of toys should replace the temporary ban in force for the past five years, EU Competitiveness Ministers agreed in September. Included in the proposed phthalates Directive, the provisions now face a second reading in the European Parliament. A common use of phthalates is as plasticisers to softenPVC. At the September meeting, Ministers agreed that three phthalates - DINP, DIDP and DNOP - should be banned at levels above 0.1% in toys and childcare articles intended to be sucked, while three others - DEHP, BBP and DBP - should be banned at the same level in all toys, regardless of whether they are intended for the mouth or of the age of child they are intended for. 

Unsaturated polyester and methacrylate resins are frequently colored with pigment-plasticizer (DIDP) pastes. They have no measurable adverse effect on the important mechanical properties of the finished article. To a small extent pigments are also dispersed directly in one part of the monomer. 

BBP benzyl-butyl phthalate, DBF di-butyl phthalate, DEHP di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DIDP di-iio-decyl phthalate, DINP di-iw-nonyl phthalate, DINCH di-iso-nonyl 1,2-cyclohexane di-carboxylic acid, DEHT di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate DINP and DIDP were measured only in 62 dust samples... 

The global production of DEHP in 1994 was estimated to be between 1 and 4 million tons per year. The production volume of DEHP in Western Europe was 505,000 tons per year in 1997. In 2000, the European Union (EU) estimated a production of phthalates around 1 million ton per year in Western Europe (worldwide approximately 7 million tons), being DEHP the 60% of the production [36]. More recent information from industry shows that the use of DEPH in the EU has decreased to 221,000 in 2004, whilst the use of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) has increased during the same period. In fact, the annual production of DiNP in the EU in 2005 was estimated around 500,000 tons [37]. DiNP and DiDP are replacing DEHP as plasticizer because the use of DEHP has been limited due to it has been classified as CategorylA reprotoxin and it is included in the Annex XIV of the EU REACH legislation [38]. Between 1999 and 2004 the proportion of DEHP to total phthalate usage decreased from 42% to 22% and the proportion of DiNP and DiDP rose from 35% to 58% [37]. 

The first warning against the use of phthalates in toys was the Recommendation adopted by the European Commission on 1 July 1998 concerning toys and childcare articles intended to be placed in the mouth by children under three years of age, made of soft PVC and containing phthalates. The Commission Decision of 7 December 1999 (1999/815/EC) [58] made it possible to prohibit the use of certain phthalates on the basis of the legislation on general product [59]. Since 1999, The Commission Decision 1999/815/EC [58] was extended more than 20 times in the name of the precautionary principle until the adoption of Directive 2005/84/EC [60]. This Directive restricted the use of DEHP, DBP, and BBP in the manufacmre of toys and childcare articles intended for children and DiNP, DiDP, and DnOP are limited only in toys and childcare articles which can be placed in the mouth. The restriction states that the amount of phthalates may not be greater than 0.1% by mass of the plasticized material part of the toys. The member states of the EU applied this directive from 16 January 2007. 

In 2005, the EES A [62] made an estimation of PAE exposure in human populations based on the limited available literature on DEHP, DBP, BBP, DiNP, and DiDP concentration in foods and diets. Some studies have been conducted in two different populations in United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark from 1996 to 2003 [124—129]. Based on the information obtained from the mentioned studies, the EFSA estimated the daily oral intake and the maximum dietary exposure (calculated in the 95th percentile) (MDE) for the most used PAEs (Table 3). 

DiNP, and DiDP (Table 3). The EFSA Panel concluded that exposure to DEHP and BPD from food consumption was in the range of the TDIs, and that of DiNP and DiDP were well below the TDI values. 

The TDI values settle by the EFSA in 2005 (Table 3) were different from those calculated by the Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) in 1998 [134] based on the phthalate migration from soft PVC toys and child care articles, and the available toxicity studies on animals at that time [117, 122, 135], with the following values DBP (TDI of 100 pg/kg b.w./day), BBP (TDI of 200 pg/kg b.w./day), and DiDP (TDI of 200 pg/kg b.w./day), but they... 

DiDP) (MIDP) OH-monoisodecyl phthalate (OH-MiDP) oxo-monoisodecyl phthalate (oxo-MiDP) Carboxymonoisodecyl phthalate (cx-MiDP)... 

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