DIISONONYL PHTHALATE

Dihydroxybenzene, see Hydroquinone Diisobutyl ketone Diisoctyl phthalate Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate Diisopropylamine... 

Diethyl ketone Diethyl phthalate Difluorodibromomethane Diglycidyl ether (DGE) dl Dihydroxybenzene, see Hydroquinone Diisobutyl ketone Diisoctyl phthalate Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate Diisopropyl ether Diisopropylamine Di-linear 79 phthalate Dimethoxymethane, see Methylal Dimethyl acetamide Dimethylamine... 

Abbreviation for diisononyl phthalate, plasticiser. Dioctyl Phthalate... 

As well as aiding processing, a major function of plasticisers is to extend the operating temperature range by improving low temperature flexibility. The majority of demand in CR and NBR is satisfied by general purpose phthalate plasticisers di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). However, a wide variety of speciality plasticisers, mainly esters, are marketed within the rubber industry. The majority of these have linear molecular structures giving them better low temperature performance than the phthalates. Examples of such plasticisers are di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DOA), butyl carbitol adipate, di(butoxyethoxyethyl) adipate (BCA), and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS). 

Leaders of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC Bethesda, MD) have voted unanimously to deny a petition by environmental groups to ban the use of phthalates in soft PVC plastic toys intended for children aged five and younger. The three CPSC commissioners finalised 2002 recommendations last week that were submitted by the agency s staff following live years of study. The decision validates in particular the use of diisononyl phthalate (DINP), the primary plasticiser in PVC toys, ACC says. CPSC released a report in 2002... 

The Toy Industry Association is reported to have interpreted the Consumer Product Safety Commission s report on the risks of diisononyl phthalate to children as vindicating the use of this plasticiser in toys. Greenpeace s view on the report is also indicated. 

It is reported here that the US Public Interest Research Group (PIRG) is charging that the Consumer Product Safety Commission s science advisory panel is moving too slowly, and relying on inadequate data, in evaluating the safety of a phthalate plasticiser, diisononyl phthalate. 

A recent report concerning the possible health hazards of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), both used as plasticisers in flexible vinyl products has concluded that they are safe. This article supplies details of the general recommendations contained in the report. These emphasise the value of the plasticisers and strongly reinforce the need to be sure that regulatory decisions should be made based on sound science in a way that realistically assesses the likely exposure potential of adults and children. 

This reports on the safety of diisononyl phthalate in soft vinyl baby toys, in the light of the recently-published report from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, which is considered to be the most comprehensive evaluation to date. Full details are given. 

The global production of DEHP in 1994 was estimated to be between 1 and 4 million tons per year. The production volume of DEHP in Western Europe was 505,000 tons per year in 1997. In 2000, the European Union (EU) estimated a production of phthalates around 1 million ton per year in Western Europe (worldwide approximately 7 million tons), being DEHP the 60% of the production [36]. More recent information from industry shows that the use of DEPH in the EU has decreased to 221,000 in 2004, whilst the use of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) has increased during the same period. In fact, the annual production of DiNP in the EU in 2005 was estimated around 500,000 tons [37]. DiNP and DiDP are replacing DEHP as plasticizer because the use of DEHP has been limited due to it has been classified as CategorylA reprotoxin and it is included in the Annex XIV of the EU REACH legislation [38]. Between 1999 and 2004 the proportion of DEHP to total phthalate usage decreased from 42% to 22% and the proportion of DiNP and DiDP rose from 35% to 58% [37]. 

Di-n-octylphthalate (DnOP) is used primarily to produce flexible plastics. Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is actually a mixture of phthalates with branched alkyl side chains of varying length (C8, C9, and CIO). DiNP is primarily used (more than 95%) to produce flexible plastics and has been used to replace DEHP in some plastics. DiNP is now widely used in products such as children s toys, flooring, gloves, drinking straws, and garden hoses. The remaining 5% of DiNP is... 

Lington AW, Bird MG, PIutnickRT, Stubblefield WA, ScalaRA (1997) Chronic toxicity and carcinogenic evaluation of diisononyl phthalate in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 36 79-89... 

Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Preau JL Jr, Needham LL, Calafat AM (2006) Oxidative metabolites of diisononyl phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment. Environ Health Perspect 114 1158-1161... 

DINP = diisononyl phthalate, DIDP = diisodecyl phthalate... 

Diisononyl Phthalate and DiisodecylPhthalate. These primary plasticizers are produced by esterification of oxo alcohols of carbon chain length nine and ten. The oxo alcohols are produced through the carbonylation of alkenes (olefins). The carbonylation process (eq. 3) adds a carbon unit to an alkene chain by reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen with heat, pressure, and catalyst. In this way a C, alkene is carbonylated to yield a C9 alcohol a C9 alkene is carbonylated to produce a C10 alcohol. Due to the distribution of the C=C double bond in the alkene and the varying effectiveness of certain catalysts, the position of the added carbon atom can vary and an isomer distribution is generally created in such a reaction the nature of this distribution depends on the reaction conditions. Consequendy these alcohols are termed iso-alcohols and the subsequent phthalates iso-phthalates, an unfortunate designation in view of possible confusion with esters of isophthalic acid. 

Consumer Product Safety Commission. 1998. Theriskof chronic toxicity associated with the exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DINP) in children s products, http //www.cpsc.gov/phth/execsum.pdf. March26, 2000. 

Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2001. Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP). http //www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/FOIA/Foia01/os/dinp.pdf. March 26, 2002. 

Application The Dimersol-X process transforms butenes to octenes, which are ultimately used in the manufacture of plasticizers via iso-nonanol (isononyl alcohol) and diisononyl phthalate units. 

The main phthalates under investigation are butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). These investigations include EU risk assessments based on sound science but the political positions on flexible PVC and phthalates cannot be ignored. 

Common Name Diisononyl phthalate Synonym DINP Chemical Name ... 

Representative Chemicals Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) Diethyl phthalate (DEP) Di-N-butylphthalate Dimethylphthalate Methyl-glycol phthalate Phthalic acid Bis(2-methoxyethyl) ester. Eor the purposes of this article, the focus will be on DEHP, which is the most widely used phthalate, with some discussion of DINP since it has been the subject of controversy with regards to its possible adverse effects on children s health. 

The most commonly used plasticizers are the phthalates. This includes dioctyl phthalate, (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate and a number of other phthalate esters. Concerns about possible carcinogenetic effects have lead to a steady decrease in the use of phthalates. 

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