Plastic pigments

Since the 1980 s occupational and environmental exposure to Cd has been reduced due to banning of Cd in pigments, plastic softeners, fertilizers, and batteries. In some European countries (e.g. Sweden) Cd has been banned completely. 

A solid suspended in a solid is called a solid suspension. Pigmented plastic - particles of dye suspended in a solid polymer - is a simple example. Freezing a liquid-liquid emulsion, such as milk, also yields a solid suspension. A layer of partially set paint, in which the urethane monomer has been consumed but the polymer has yet to form long chains, can also be thought of as representing a solid suspension. 

Solid Solid Solid suspension Pigmented plastics... 

Recrystallization too is attributable to the pigment having a specific solubility in the plastic. As in other media, it is demonstrated primarily in a change of transparency or opacity in transparent colorations and in the depth of shade in white reductions. Lack of recrystallization stability becomes evident for example in the manufacture and processing of pigment-plasticizer pastes and in various polymers at elevated processing temperatures. 

Standards exist for determining the light fastness of colored pigmented plastics in daylight and in xenon arc light, i.e. in accelerated exposure equipment, and for determining the weathering fastness. 

In many cases pigment-plasticizer pastes are also used for coloring PVC. Because of the mixing or embrittlement gap in the PVC-plasticizer system, which ranges from 5 to 18% for dioctyl phthalate for example, such pastes have little or no suitability for unplasticized PVC compounds. In this concentration range, which is specific for each plasticizer, no plasticizing effect is achieved, on the contrary the additive causes embrittlement of the PVC. 

PVC spread-coating pastes are normally manufactured in high-speed planetary mixers that can be evacuated. It is best to add the plasticizer first, stir in the pigments or pigment pastes and only then to add the solid components in portions. In pigmenting plasticized PVC compounds, on the other hand, it is necessary to mix... 

Unsaturated polyester and methacrylate resins are frequently colored with pigment-plasticizer (DIDP) pastes. They have no measurable adverse effect on the important mechanical properties of the finished article. To a small extent pigments are also dispersed directly in one part of the monomer. 

The exact nature of the beginning and end of such a polymer chain is not certain. In general, the polymer can be characterized by its average degree of polymerization, i.e., the value of n, or more precisely by the distribution of n values. The heat of polymerization is 17.4 0.2 kcal/mole at 26.19°C. The reaction may be initiated by heat or by means of catalysts. Organic peroxides are typical initiators. Styrene also will polymerize in the presence of various inert materials, such as solvents, fillers, dyes, pigments, plasticizers, rubbers, and resins. Moreover, it forms a variety of copolymers with other mono- and polyvinyl monomers. 

In the past decades, the rapidly expanding automobile industry has required increasing numbers of tires, black pigmented plastics and black paints with various characteristics. This has led not only to the development of new rubber grades, but also to the development of new carbon blacks required by refined application processes and to the development of a new and better manufacturing process, the furnace-black-process. This process allows the production of nearly all types of car-... 

Babler, F. (1983). Perylenetetracarboxylicbisdimethylphenylimide—in gamma modification is useful for pigmenting plastics, paint, lacquer and ink. Ciba-Geigy AG Patent EU 0023191 Bl. [261t, 263]... 

About two thirds of all Cd produced is used in the plating of steel, Fe, Cu, brass, and other alloys to protect them from corrosion. Other uses include solders and electrical parts, pigments, plastics, rubber, pesticides, galvanized iron, etc. Special uses of Cd include aircraft manufacture and semiconductors. 

Photoelectrochemistry The effect of light on the semiconductor-electrolyte interface is summarized. Fundamental aspects are described for microelectric device fabrication, improved coating pigments, plastic degradation, and photoelectrochemical synthesis. 

Most plastics permit some passage of light. Even highly pigmented plastics and those with UV absorbers are likely to let certain wavelengths through. 

SAUNDERSON, J. L. (1942) Calcnlation of the color of pigmented plastics. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 32, 727-736. 

Opal, pearl, stained glass, pigmented plastics Solid suspension or dispersion Solid Solid... 

Effects of the additives specifically applied to stabilize polymers e.g., antioxidants, hydroperoxide decomposers, light and heat stabilizers) have been already discussed. Fillers, reinforcements, pigments, plasticizers and lubricants may affect the processability, but usually do not influence the stabilization strategy. Owing to different chemical characters some flame retardants and dyes may... 

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