Di-isononyl phthalate

Other chemicals that are common in different RSL are phthalates. Phthalates are usually used as softening agents in plastics to obtain the required flexibility. The most common phthalates included on restriction lists for the leather industry are bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di- isononyl phthalate (DINP), D- isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). All these chemicals are included on the SVHC list (Candidate List), and currently (2012) there is a proposal to restrict the placing of products containing DEHP, BBP and DBP on the market in the EU. 

Phthalate esters orphthalates are molecules predominantly used in commerce to make plastic flexible. The substances produced in highest quantity, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP or DOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) are used almost exclusively as plasticisers in flexible PVC. Recently, these phthalates have been the focus of regulatory attention around the... 

Di-isononyl phthalate DiNP MiNP metabolites with a keto oxo-MiNP... 

European Union Risk Assessment Report (2003) 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-branched alkyl esters, C9-rich and di- isononyl phthalate (DINP), European commission Joint Research Centre, EUR 20784 EN, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities... 

Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, Golub M, Henderson R, Hinberg I, Little R, Seed J, Shea K, Tabacova S, Tyl R, Williams P, Zacharewski T (2002) NTP Center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-isononyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol 16 679-708... 

McKee RH, El Hawari M, Stoltz M, Pallas F, Lington AW (2002) Absorption, disposition and metabolism of di isononyl phthalate (DINP) in F-344 rats. J Appl Toxicol 22 293-302... 

Limited information was located regarding possible interactions of DEHP with other chemicals in humans. Urinary measurements of the monoester metabolites of seven common phthalates in 289 adults from the U.S. population, determined using the selective and sensitive analytical approach discussed in Section 3.8.1 (Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to DEHP), showed detectable levels of monoethyl phthalate (95th percentile concentration, 3,750 ppb), monobutyl phthalate (294 ppb), monobenzyl phthalate (137 ppb), 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (21.5 ppb), cyclohexyl phthalate (8.6 ppb), isononyl phthalate (7.3 ppb), and octyl phthalate (2.3 ppb), reflecting exposure to DEHP, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, di-isononyl phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate, respectively (Blount et al. 2000a). Considering evidence such as this which indicates that co-exposure to multiple phthalates can occur, as well as the likelihood that many of these compounds exert effects via a common mechanism of action, there is a potential for interactions between DEHP and other phthalate esters. 

PughG, Isenberg JS, Kamendulis LM, et al. 2000. Effects of Di-isononyl phthalate, Di-2-ethylhexl phthalate, and clofibrate in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol Sci 56 181-188. 

C - C Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) Di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) Slightly less efficient but lower volatility than C8 Toys and general purpose with good low temperature performance... 

French Ministry of the Environment, French Ministry of Health and F. M. o. Work (2003) Risk Assessment of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Di-C8-10-Branched Alkyl Esters C9-Rich, and Di-Isononyl Phthalate (DINP). European Chemicals Bureau, Is-pra, Italy... 

Studies in nonhuman primates with phthalate esters (primarily di-isononyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) have shown no hepatic effects similar to those seen in rodents, including peroxisome proliferation (Astill 1989 Pugh et al. 2000 Rhodes et al. 1986 Short et al. 1987) this suggests that primates, including humans, are probably not sensitive to the hepatic effects of peroxisome proliferators. 

The most common phthalate plasticisers are di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP). Phthalate use has been controversial for years becanse of its snspected health hazards, especially in the case of DEEIP. In both wildlife and laboratory animals, phthalates have been linked to a range of reproductive health effects, with claims that most of them can function as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), and also as cancer-causing agents (specifically in the liver and kidneys). Snch negative effects that phthalates are suspected to have on health have been attribnted to short ester chains (< C9). In fact, phthalates are already distributed worldwide in the environment. Some phthalates are even found in deep-sea jellyfish 1,000 meters below the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean. A number of studies have shown that most people are probably contaminated by substantial quantities of these chemicals, and yet for hnmans, no safe level of exposure to phthalates has been determined. There are also claims about the leaching of certain phthalate plasticisers from biomedical plastics (e.g., intravenous tubes) and hence directly into the patients bloodstream. In one snch stndy, it was shown that about 60% of the DEHP/DOP had migrated to the patient, while almost all of the bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA) has been retained in the tnbe [28]. 

High molecular weight phthalates have a backbone with seven to 13 carbon atoms leading to better permanency and durabihty than the low molecular weight ones. Examples are DINP (di-isononyl phthalate), DIDP (di-isodecyl phthtalate), DPHP... 

National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction Monographs on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of di-isodecyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, di-n-hexyl phthalate, hutyl henzyl phthalate, di-isononyl phthalate and di-n-hutyl phthalate. Available at http //cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/ Accessed August 8, 2003. 

Due to the widespread use of phthalates, it is important to consider human exposure and public health implications of such exposure. This review will focus on the following phthalates which were the subject of recent evaluations of risks to human reproduction by the U.S. National Toxicology Program, NTP, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS butyl benzyl phthalate, BBP di-isodecyl phthalate, DIDP di-isononyl phthalate, DINP DBP di-n-hexyl phthalate, DnHP di-n-octyl phthalate, DnOP a DEHP. 

NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Di-isononyl Phthalate (DINP). NIH Publication No. 03-4484. March 2003. 

The chemical structure of phthalates is such that they tend to be divided into linear and branched side chain types. In practice, however, all the most widely used phthalates are the branched type. They include di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), also known as dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and two higher molecular weight varieties, di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). They are all general-purpose plasticisers and account for well over half of all the plasticiser usage in Europe. Within this group, the trend in Europe has been towards the American practice, away from DEHP towards DINP and DIDP, because of lower volatility, greater permanence, superior product performance (superior heat and low temperature resistance) and better environmental reputation, and also because of changes in feedstock availability. 

Other markets for phthalates that have been under threat as a result of health seares include medical products (the target here has been DEHP), food packaging, and to a much lesser extent flooring, where di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and di-isoheptyl phthalate (DIHP) are used. Retailers have been under pressure from lobbying groups to refuse to sell PVC produets. 

PVC-P, on average, contains 55 phr (parts per weight per hundred of PVC) plasticiser. PVC has the ability to accept high levels of plasticiser (100 phr and even above). The most common plasticisers that are used today in PVC are DOP (nsed in the mannfacture of flooring and carpet tiles), DEHP (used mainly for any flexible PVC applications), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), used mainly in wire and cable production, carpet backing and pool liners, di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (used mainly in vinyl tile production), and di-n-hexyl phthalate (used in flooring applications). There are also several plasticisers that are specific for almost no toxicity, such as tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM), a polymeric adipate, and acetyl triburyl citrate (ATBC), which are economically unfeasible for their industrial applications, i.e., TEHTM is some three times as expensive as DEHP, and polymeric adipate four times as expensive. Analytical techniques are available to detect traces of plasticisers at the parts per billion level [43]. 

DDR draw-down ratio DEHP di-ethylhexyl phthalate DGA differential gravimetric analysis DIN Deutsches Instut, Normung (German Standards Commission) DINP di-isononyl phthalate DMA dynamic mechanical analysis DMC dough molding compound DN Design News publication DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DOD Department of Defense... 

These plasticizers can be further grouped in a number of ways one convenient distinction is into general purpose and speciality plasticizers. General purpose types include the three phthalates di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP or DOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalates (DIDP). These are the esters of phthalic anhydride with the alcohols 2-ethylhexanol, iso-nonanol and isodeconal respectively, and they account for about 75% of plasticizer usage in Western Europe. Other phthalates are also manufactured, but find use more in applications where specific properties are required. 

In addition numerous multigeneration fertility studies have been carried out on many different phthalates. The most recent of these are two-generation studies which demonstrate that exposure of rats to di-isononyl phthalate (DINF) [23] and DIDF [24] in utero, during lactation, puberty and adulthood does not affect testicular size, sperm count, morphology or motility or produce any reproductive or fertility effects. No outcome which might be anticipated from hormone modulation was observed. The maximum level dosed was around 600mg/kg bw/day. 

Dioctyl phthalate, (also known as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)) was the highest volume member of a class of synthetic plasticizers called the phthalates. Other members of this class of phthalate plasticizers Include butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Global production of phthalates as a group was about 12 billion pounds in 2008. However, most of the phthalates are used by the plastics industry (specifically In polyvinyl chloride compounds). Probably less than 5% is actually used by the rubber industry. 

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