Phthalate plasticisers

However, not all EDs with a high log possess or require the ability to bioaccnmulate in order to be biologically active. For example, phthalate plasticisers, chlorophenols from Kraft mill effluents and natural or synthetic hormones can influence an organism s hormone profile and affect reproductive function and immune response without exhibiting bioaccnmiilation. ... 

FD-MS is also an effective analytical method for direct analysis of many rubber and plastic additives. Lattimer and Welch [113,114] showed that FD-MS gives excellent molecular ion spectra for a variety of polymer additives, including rubber accelerators (dithiocar-bamates, guanidines, benzothiazyl, and thiuram derivatives), antioxidants (hindered phenols, aromatic amines), p-phcnylenediamine-based antiozonants, processing oils and phthalate plasticisers. Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants have been characterised by FD-MS [115]. Jack-son et al. [116] analysed some plastic additives (hindered phenol AOs and benzotriazole UVA) by FD-MS. Reaction products of a p-phenylenediaminc antiozonant and d.v-9-lricoscnc (a model olefin) were assessed by FD-MS [117],... 

A mixture with a solution of the peroxide in a dialkyl phthalate plasticiser decomposes exothermically but moderately, (probably catalysed by trace heavy metals in the carbon). 

Abbreviation for diisononyl phthalate, plasticiser. Dioctyl Phthalate... 

As well as aiding processing, a major function of plasticisers is to extend the operating temperature range by improving low temperature flexibility. The majority of demand in CR and NBR is satisfied by general purpose phthalate plasticisers di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). However, a wide variety of speciality plasticisers, mainly esters, are marketed within the rubber industry. The majority of these have linear molecular structures giving them better low temperature performance than the phthalates. Examples of such plasticisers are di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DOA), butyl carbitol adipate, di(butoxyethoxyethyl) adipate (BCA), and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS). 

Anhydrous tin(IV) oxide ( Superlite grade) and 6-stannic acid ( Metastannic acid ) were supplied by Keeling Walker Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent. 6-stannic acid paste was prepared at Chinghall Ltd., Milton Keynes, by dispersing Keeling Walker s Metastannic acid, at a level of 73% in a phthalate plasticiser. Colloidal tin oxide, a 25% aqueous dispersion of Sn02> was supplied by Nyacol Products Inc., Ashland, Mass., U.S.A. 

A decision by the European Parliament to put restrictions on the use of six phthalate plasticisers ignores scientific risk assessments and threatens the basis for Reach, the impending European legislation on chemical strategy. The Strasbourg parliament has voted to ban DEHP, DBP and BBP in children s toys and childcare items. DINP, DIDP and DNOP will be banned from use if the toys or items can be put in the mouth by children. An EU scientific risk assessment said children were not at risk from DINP in toys. A similar study in the US by the Consumer Product Safety Commission reached the same conclusion. European Commission... 

An examination is made of proposals for European Union legislation concerning the use of phthalate plasticisers in PVC toys. 

Environmental aspects of PVC are examined on the basis of the findings of a number of studies carried out in Europe and the USA into recycling and waste disposal and the toxicity of phthalate plasticisers used in PVC toys and medical equipment. 

It is reported here that the US Public Interest Research Group (PIRG) is charging that the Consumer Product Safety Commission s science advisory panel is moving too slowly, and relying on inadequate data, in evaluating the safety of a phthalate plasticiser, diisononyl phthalate. 

This article is in two sections. The first discusses the use of phthalate plasticisers in PVC, claiming that science increasingly shows these additives to be safe. The second section discusses controversy about PVC-based products and their safety. 

The decision by the European Commission to impose an immediate ban on the sale of PVC toys and teethers containing phthalate plasticisers has drawn criticism from both within and outside of the plasticiser industry. The Commission says its decision was taken only after its scientific advisors reported that plasticiser release tests are unreliable for control purposes. 

Although the EU has backtracked on a phthalate ban, the future for phthalate plasticisers in PVC toys and... 

The situation regarding the use of phthalate plasticisers in PVC toys is discussed with reference to Denmark, France, USA, UK, and Holland. Denmark and France are reported to have proposed bans, the USA has approved its use, and the method of testing for leaching is said to be controversial. 

Mention should also be made of the 30 year ageing data on PVC, UPVC, HDPE, LDPE and a styrene-butadiene copolymer tested by Rapra in hot-dry and hot-wet environments shielded from sunlight, published by Brady and co-workers [25]. Exposure for such long periods is very rare. Dioctyl phthalate plasticised PVC, HDPE and LDPE showed little change and of the remainder loss of strain to failure was more noticeable than loss of strength. Updated results from this 40 year programme are not in the public domain at the time of writing. 

Surface modification of polyvinyl chloride films, both plasticised and unplasticised, using amino thiophenol in dimethyl formamide and water mixtures, was examined using attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Reaction kinetics, and the amount of dioctyl phthalate plasticiser leached out during the reaction were determined. Surface selectivity and degree of modification was found to depend on reaction time. 19 refs. 

The replacement of the diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)-plasticised PVC film in Akva Waterbeds water mattresses with PVC plasticised with Bayer Chemicals Mesamoll phenol alkyl sulphonate is discussed. The performance advantages resulting from this switch are considered with particular attention to the greater saponification resistance of these plasticisers and their much reduced tendency to migrate. Data are given on the stability of Mesamoll and phthalate plasticisers in terms of saponification and hydrolysis and on the change in EB with time of Mesamoll- and DEHP-plasticised PVC films. 

Phthalate plasticisers have historically served as the preferred plasticisers to impart flexibility to PVC and several other polar polymers. They provide a desirable balance of cost and performance properties. Their acceptable and safe use is unmatched in medical appliances, food processing and packaging applications, as well as many other end uses. Potential alternatives do not have the historical record of acceptable performance found with phthalate plasticisers. Nevertheless, the Precautionary Principle has caused certain segments of society to clamour for alternatives to phthalate plasticisers. Known non-phthalate plasticisers are reviewed, and comparisons to the traditional General Purpose (GP) phthalate plasticisers are provided General Purpose plasticisers are those that impart optimum overall performance properties in PVC at lowest cost. 6 refs. USA... 

It was determined that the shear rate in PVC passing through a copper wire coating die was in excess of 4000000 Is. This resulted in volatilisation of the dioctyl phthalate plasticiser and changes in the polymer molecular structure, as determined by infrared spectroscopy. The flow was studied using capillary rheometry with a die of a 0.15 mm diameter. It was concluded that the change in... 

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