Di-“isodecyl” phthalate

Phthalate esters orphthalates are molecules predominantly used in commerce to make plastic flexible. The substances produced in highest quantity, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP or DOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) are used almost exclusively as plasticisers in flexible PVC. Recently, these phthalates have been the focus of regulatory attention around the... 

Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Kato K, Preau JL, Needham LL, Calafat AM (2007) Assessment of human exposure to di-isodecyl phthalate using oxidative metabolites as biomarkers. Biomarkers 12 133-144... 

EC (1999) Commission decision 1999/815/EC of 7 December 1999 adopting measures prohibiting the placing on the market of toys and childcare articles intended to be placed in the mouth by children under three years of age made of soft PVC containing one or more of the substances diiso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP). Off J Eur Commun L 315... 

CERHR (2003) National Toxicology Program—Centre for the Evaluation of risks to human reproduction. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Di-Isodecyl Phthalate (DIDP). NIH Pub No. 03-4485. US Department of Health and Human Services, April 2003. http //ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/phthalates/didp/DIDP Mono-graph Pinal.pdf... 

A study of infant formulae showed that phthalates were present in the majority of samples analysed.70 However, 31 percent of the samples did not contain any of the seven individual phthalates analysed. These were di-isopropyl phthalate (DIPP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-isodecyl phthalate. Only DBP, BBP and DEHP were present at measurable concentrations. DEHP was the most abundant individual phthalate and was found at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.44 mg/kg. The dietary exposures to all phthalates were below the relevant TDIs. 

Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, Golub M, Henderson R, Hinberg I, Little R, Seed J, Shea K, Tabacova S, Tyl R, Williams P, Zacharewski T (2002b) NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction Phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-isodecyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 16(5) 655-678. 

C - C Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) Di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) Slightly less efficient but lower volatility than C8 Toys and general purpose with good low temperature performance... 

Common Name Di-isodecyl phthalate Synonym DIDP... 

Brown, D., Thompson, R.S. (1982a) Phthalates and the aquatic environment Part I. The effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) on the reproduction of Daphnia magna and observations on their bioconcentration. Chemosphere 4, 417 26. 

Certain higher phthalates are also available. For example, ditridecyl phthalate and di-isodecyl phthalate are used in high-temperature cable insulation, the former having the better high-temperature properties. Because of its greater hydrocarbon nature than DIOP, di-isodecyl phthalate has lower water extract-ability and is used, for example, with epoxidised oils in baby-pants. 

The most common phthalate plasticisers are di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP). Phthalate use has been controversial for years becanse of its snspected health hazards, especially in the case of DEEIP. In both wildlife and laboratory animals, phthalates have been linked to a range of reproductive health effects, with claims that most of them can function as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), and also as cancer-causing agents (specifically in the liver and kidneys). Snch negative effects that phthalates are suspected to have on health have been attribnted to short ester chains (< C9). In fact, phthalates are already distributed worldwide in the environment. Some phthalates are even found in deep-sea jellyfish 1,000 meters below the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean. A number of studies have shown that most people are probably contaminated by substantial quantities of these chemicals, and yet for hnmans, no safe level of exposure to phthalates has been determined. There are also claims about the leaching of certain phthalate plasticisers from biomedical plastics (e.g., intravenous tubes) and hence directly into the patients bloodstream. In one snch stndy, it was shown that about 60% of the DEHP/DOP had migrated to the patient, while almost all of the bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA) has been retained in the tnbe [28]. 

National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction Monographs on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of di-isodecyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, di-n-hexyl phthalate, hutyl henzyl phthalate, di-isononyl phthalate and di-n-hutyl phthalate. Available at http //cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/ Accessed August 8, 2003. 

Due to the widespread use of phthalates, it is important to consider human exposure and public health implications of such exposure. This review will focus on the following phthalates which were the subject of recent evaluations of risks to human reproduction by the U.S. National Toxicology Program, NTP, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS butyl benzyl phthalate, BBP di-isodecyl phthalate, DIDP di-isononyl phthalate, DINP DBP di-n-hexyl phthalate, DnHP di-n-octyl phthalate, DnOP a DEHP. 

NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Di-isodecyl Phthalate (DIDP). NIH Publication No. 03-4485. March 2003. 

The chemical structure of phthalates is such that they tend to be divided into linear and branched side chain types. In practice, however, all the most widely used phthalates are the branched type. They include di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), also known as dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and two higher molecular weight varieties, di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). They are all general-purpose plasticisers and account for well over half of all the plasticiser usage in Europe. Within this group, the trend in Europe has been towards the American practice, away from DEHP towards DINP and DIDP, because of lower volatility, greater permanence, superior product performance (superior heat and low temperature resistance) and better environmental reputation, and also because of changes in feedstock availability. 

Hills RJ, Ive FA (1993) Allergic contact dermatitis from di-isodecyl phthalate in a polyvinyl chloride identy band. Contact Dermatitis 29 94... 

PVC-P, on average, contains 55 phr (parts per weight per hundred of PVC) plasticiser. PVC has the ability to accept high levels of plasticiser (100 phr and even above). The most common plasticisers that are used today in PVC are DOP (nsed in the mannfacture of flooring and carpet tiles), DEHP (used mainly for any flexible PVC applications), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), used mainly in wire and cable production, carpet backing and pool liners, di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (used mainly in vinyl tile production), and di-n-hexyl phthalate (used in flooring applications). There are also several plasticisers that are specific for almost no toxicity, such as tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM), a polymeric adipate, and acetyl triburyl citrate (ATBC), which are economically unfeasible for their industrial applications, i.e., TEHTM is some three times as expensive as DEHP, and polymeric adipate four times as expensive. Analytical techniques are available to detect traces of plasticisers at the parts per billion level [43]. 

---