Dermatophytes

Tolnaftate [2398-96-17, C H NOS, which is active against dermatophytes, is the active component ia another antifimgal powder it also contains cetylpyridinium chloride and talcum venetum. 

This antimycotic, which was iatroduced for topical use, shows in vitro activity against dermatophytes, species of Candida Jispergillus Coccidioides immitis Histop/asma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans and Madure/h species. Petriellidium (Alkscheria) boydii and Phialophora species are less sensitive. 

Naftifine. Nafdfine (8) belongs to the aHylamines, a new class of antimycotics (14). It is used to treat superficial mycoses and is particularly active against dermatophytes. 

States. Haloprogia [777-11-7] was developed ia 1963 and it is active against dermatophytes. The drug s effect against Candida sp. is rather limited. 

Ketoconazole is active against dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton Tpidermophyton) yeasts Candida species, Cyptococcus) and the dimorphous... 

At the tested daily dose of 50 mg, fluconazole appears to be slightly less active against dermatophytes. The substance is used mainly to treat vaginal candidosis (a single capsule of 150 mg) and oral and esophageal candidosis (50 mg od for 14 d). In a number of countries, ie, England, the maximal period of treatment is 14 d. 

Future Antimycotics for Systemic Treatment. Two new antimycotics for systemic use have now reached the stage of clinical development. The first is a triazole and fluoride analogue of itraconazole. This compound (saperconazole) is extremely active 2i 2cm.%. Jisperpillus spp. and slightly more soluble. Consequentiy, intravenous adruinistration might be possible (34). The second molecule is terbinafine [91161 -71 -6] an aHylamine, C21H25N, that appears to be particularly active against dermatophytes, just like topical naftifine (35). 

Fenticonazole (106), on the other hand, is used topically to combat a wide variety of dermatophytes and yeasts, particularly Candida albicans. It can be synthesized from 2,4-dichlo-rophenacyl chloride (104) by reduction with borohydride and subsequent displacement with imidazole to give 105. This last undergoes ether formation with p-thiolphenylbenzyl chloride mediated by NaH to produce fcnticonazole (106) [37]. 

Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvum Dermatophytic fungi Microtubules... 

Griseofulvin is the first antimycotic drug detected that is only active against dermatophytes. Its activity manifests as nuclear and mitotic abnormalities followed by distortions in the hyphal motphology. 

Due to the divergence of fungal diseases, there is neither single best treatment nor a superior drug for all diseases. However, a superior drug does exist for dermatomycoses caused by dermatophytes, namely the allylamine terbinafine (TER). For the treatment of deep mycoses in immunosuppressed patients the most efficacious drug is the polyene Amph B. 

Dermatophytes are a special type of fungi, invading the skin and able to grow on keratin as a sole nutrient base. 

All three of these are dermatophytes, i.e. filamentous fungi which can utilize keratin for their nutrition. Keratin is the chief protein in skin, hair and nail. Hence, all of these organisms are responsible for superficial mycoses in mammals. It is often stated that dermatophytes are the only fungi to have evolved which rely upon infection for then-own survival. This mistaken belief results from a view which is too human-centred and neglects, for example, the presence of symbiotic fungi in the stomachs of ruminants. 

Epidermophytonfloccosum infects the skin and nails but not the hair, whereas different species of the genus Trichophyton display both geographical and anatomical variations. For example, T. rubrum is currently the most common dermatophyte of... 

Terbinafme (Fig. 5.171), a member ofthe allylamine class ofantimycotics, is an inhibitor of the enzyme squalene epoxidase in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. Terbinafme is orally active, is fungicidal and is effective against a broad range of dermatophytes and yeasts. It can also be used topically as a cream. 

A topical antibiotic or antifungal may be used to control the spread of infection but generally is unnecessary. For staphylococcal or streptococcal folliculitis, antibiotic ointments such as mupirocin might be administered three times daily. Antifungal shampoo can be used for dermatophytes. 

Since dermatophyte hyphae seldom penetrate into the living layers of the skin, instead remaining in the stratum corneum, most infections can be treated with topical antifungals. Infections... 

Fungal skin infections are primarily caused by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Trichophyton rubrum accounts for more than 75% of all cases in the United States.36 To a lesser extent, Candida and other fungal species cause skin infections. With tinea infections, the causative dermatophyte typically invades the stratum corneum without penetration into the living tissues, leading to a localized infection. 

Since dermatophyte hyphae seldom penetrate into the living layers of the skin, instead remaining in the stratum corneum, most infections can be treated with topical antifungals. Infections covering large areas of the body or infections involving nails or hair may require systemic therapy. Patients with chronic infections or infections that do not respond to topical therapy are also candidates for systemic therapy. 

Dermatophyte Any microscopic fungus that grows on the skin, scalp, and nails a microscopic fungus that grows on the skin or mucosa but does not invade deeper tissues. 

Of a series of indanylthiocarbamates, to1 indate (2) had significant antifungal properties. It is prepared simply from 5-indanyl thionochloroformate (1) by reaction with N-methyl-m-toluidine. It presumably joins the fairly large family of organic compounds having sulfur divalently bound to carbon which are useful topical agents for dermatophytes. 

Mycoses are most commonly due to dermatophytes, which affect the skin, hair, and nails following external infection. Candida albicans, a yeast organism normally found on body surfaces, may cause infections of mucous membranes, less frequently of the skin or internal organs when natural defenses are impaired (immunosuppression, or damage of microflora by broad-spectrum antibiotics). 

The most widespread are dermatophytic fungal infections, which include skin, hair, and nails. Most infections can be cured by using topical drugs, such as tolnaftate, undecylenic acid, haloprogin, clotrimazole, and miconazole. Griseofulvin is used orally for deep infections, in particular for infections of the nail bed. Currently, ketoconazole is widely used for treating chronic dermatophytes. 

Others Griseofnlvin binds to polymerized microtubnles and inhibits fungal mitosis. Flucytosine is an antimetabolite. From the medical point of view, antifungal drngs are considered dermatophytic, mncocutaneons, and systemic. 

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