Antifungal property

The oil possesses moderate antibacterial and strong antifungal properties. Thus the appHcation of the oil to the cmst of cheese could serve to prevent the formation of mycotoxia ia the cheese. The optical purity of the carvone ia caraway has been determined usiag a chiral gc column (72). It was found to be (i )(+) = 97.64% and (5 )(—) = 2.36%. 

Of these, noxythiolin (N-hydroxy-Af-methylthiourea) has the greatest pharmaceutical use as an antimicrobial agent. The compound is supplied as a dry powder and on aqueous reconstitution slowly releases formaldehyde and iV-mefhylthiourea. Antimicrobial activity is considered to be due to both the noxythiolin molecule and the released formaldehyde. Noxythiolin is used both topically and in accessible body cavities as an irrigation solution and in the treatment of peritonitis. The compound has extensive antibacterial and antifungal properties. 

Rizvi, S. J. H., Jaiswal, V., Mukerji, D., Mather, S. N., Antifungal properties of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine isolated from Coffea arabica, Naturwissenschaften, 67, 459, 1980. (CA93 180195u)... 

Of a series of indanylthiocarbamates, to1 indate (2) had significant antifungal properties. It is prepared simply from 5-indanyl thionochloroformate (1) by reaction with N-methyl-m-toluidine. It presumably joins the fairly large family of organic compounds having sulfur divalently bound to carbon which are useful topical agents for dermatophytes. 

Two new polycyclic pyridoacridine alkaloids, arnoamine B, 289, and its demethylated analogue, arnoamine A, have been isolated from the ascidian Cystodytes sp. These new compounds are the first known examples of pyrroles fused to pyridoacridines, have antifungal properties, and are cytotoxic in several human tumor cell lines <1998JOC1657>. Both these compounds have been synthesized, starting from the hydrazone 290 with a Fischer indole synthesis (Scheme 73) <2000JOC5476>. 

The imidazolinylpyridazine 322 provides the starting point for the synthesis of several related imidazopyrimido-pyridazines (Scheme 78). These tricycles are of interest for their antibacterial and antifungal properties <1998FA113>. 

Moreover, it has to be noted that many pyridazine derivatives exhibiting antibacterial activity, which are discussed in the preceding section, also have been found to possess antifungal properties [317, 318, 322, 325, 329, 333, 334, 336, 338],... 

The Wittig reaction was employed to fuse diene 49 and aldehyde 50, in the final stages of the stereoselective synthesis of epothilone B, a macrocyclic compound with potential antifungal properties (equation 31)49. 

Finally, the antifungal properties of a-pinene and limonene, two monoter-penes frequently found in the defensive secretion of Nasutitermes termites, was studied. In vitro assays showed that these molecules reduce spore germination of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae through direct and indirect (vapor) contact [225]. Moreover, some diterpenes isolated from these insects have also an antibiotic activity on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis [226]. 

FR901379 - echinocandin-like lipopeptide with antifungal property... 

Strom et al have isolated a Lactobacillusplantarum strain (MiLAB 393) with antifungal properties from grass silage. Three antifungal substances produced by the strain have been isolated, that is, cyclo(Phe-Pro), cyclo(Phe- w j-4-OH-Pro), and 3-phenyllactic acid. 

Cyclo(Pro-Trp) and cyclo(Phe-Pro) showed broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, whereas cyclo(Trp-Pro) and cyclo(Trp-Trp) exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal properties. The maturation of the gastrointestinal cells was enhanced by cyclo(Trp-Trp), cyclo(Trp-Pro), cyclo(Phe-Pro), and cyclo(Tyr-Pro). ... 

HV095 Leah, R., H. Tommetup, I. Svendsen, HV107 and J. Mundy. Biochemical and molecular characterization of three barley seed proteins with antifungal properties. J Biol Chem 1991 266(3) HV108... 

Isoxazolines can be transformed into a,p-enones by several methods from the initial aldol product. This strategy was applied by Barco et al. (285) toward the synthesis of ( )-pyrenophorin (98), a macrocychc fow(enone-lactone) with antifungal properties. The hydroxy group was introduced from the nitrile oxide component (95), while the carboxy function was derived from the acrylate dipo-larophile. Thus, cycloaddition of the optically active nitropentyl acetate 94 to methyl acrylate 95 afforded isoxazoline 96 as a mixture of optically active diastereomers. Reductive hydrolysis using Raney nickel/acetic acid gave p-hydro-xyketone (97), which was subsequently utilized for the synthesis of (—)-pyreno-phorin (98) (Scheme 6.63) (285). 

Reyes-Chilpa, R. et al., Flavonoids and isoflavonoids with antifungal properties from Platymis-cium yucatanum heartwood, Holzforschwig, 52, 459, 1998. 

The antifungal properties of fatty acids and several of their derivatives such as amides and methyl esters have been reviewed (113) as have their antimicrobial activities (114). Monolaurin (the ester of 1 auric acid and glycerol) is the most potent lipid derivative tested to date with regard to antibiotic activity. 

Potassium sorbate has both antimicrobial and antifungal properties in formulations below pH 6. Generally, it is used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.2% in oral formulations (solutions, syrup, and suspensions), and is used much more than sorbic acid because of its higher solubility and stability in water. However, some loss of antimicrobial activity occurs in the presence of nonionic surfactants and some plastics. 

Due to its antifungal properties it has been suggested that this glycoalkaloid may be important in resistance to fungal pathogens. Nevertheless, evidence for the role of tomatine as a barrier against microbial attack is inconclusive, and some confronting observations make... 

A second major mechanism of resistance to tomatine involves enzymatic detoxification by tomatinases. Although saponins are very numerous and widely distributed in the plant kingdom, detailed studies on saponin detoxification by fungi have been restricted to pathogens of a few plant species, principally to oat and the Solanaceous tomato and potato. This is because structures and antifungal properties of oat, tomato and potato saponins are well established, and that saponin profiles of these plants are relatively simple, in contrast to other plants like alfalfa, where over 20 predominant different saponins have been identified. 

Reaction of vinylboranes with secondary amines produces very good yields of ally-lamines (a useful functionality with antifungal properties), when the starting materials are heated in dioxane, at 90 °C, together with paraformaldehyde (equation 144)533. An intramolecular variant of this process uses a vinylsilane as the precursor534. 

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