Penicillium griseofulvum

Research on novel fungal secondary metabolites resulted in the isolation of an interesting spiran, griseofulvin (15), from fermentation beers of the mold Penicillium griseofulvum. 

Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvum Dermatophytic fungi Microtubules... 

Griseofulvin is biosynthetically manufactured by elaboration with Penicillium griseofulvum and related strains of Penicillia. The biosynthesis has been the subject of numerous chemical and biological studies, the latest of which is given by Harris, et. al. (9) Figure 10. Other proposed biosynthetic pathways are discussed. 

Chemical Class Penicillium griseofulvum derivative Clinical Pharmacology ... 

An antibiotic substance from certain strains of Penicillium griseofulvum in a yield of 100 g from 2.97 kg dry mycelium (94). 

Griseofulvin, an antibiotic produced by the mold Penicillium griseofulvum (Dierckx), has been synthesized by a route that employs a twofold Michael reaction as the key step. Propose a mechanism for this transformation. 

Studies in relation to biosynthesis, 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid in Penicillium griseofulvum, A.J. Birch, R.A. Massy-Westropp and C.J. Moye, Aust. 

The mold metabolite mycelianamide, isolated from the mycelium of strains of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx, was first investigated by Oxford and Raistrick24. The reinterpretation and extension of this work by Birch etal.2 and the revision by Bates et al.20 of the structure first proposed for the terpenoid side-chain,25 have led to the formulation of mycelianamide as 11. This structure has been confirmed by further degradations27,28 and by a synthesis of racemic deoxymyceli-anamide by Gallina and co-workers.28 The ready decomposition of the heterocyclic ring by either acid or alkali is discussed later (Section IV, C). 

Griseofulvin [XLIX], first isolated from Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx, is effective orally in the treatment of ringworm in animals and man. The observations of Gentles , and Cochrane and Tullett , in antifungal experiments, that this antibiotic seems to possess anti-inflammatory properties led... 

In 1939, the isolation of griseofulvin from mycelia of Penicillium griseofulvum was reported [1], This compound has the empirical formula C17H17CIO6 and Grove et al. [2] determined its structure 1 in 1952. Fermentation conditions for griseofulvin production have appeared infrequently in the scientific literature, because this substance is of great economic importance. It is one of the few antifungal compounds that are... 

The polycyclic antibiotic, griseofulvin, is derived from Penicillium griseofulvum and is perhaps the most important agent in the systemic treatment of dermatophyte infections (Fig. 2). It is used orally for the treatment of superficial fungal infections of nails, hair, and skin, increasing the resistance of keratin to infection. Side effects of therapy are usually mild most common are nausea, diarrhoea and headaches (Swartz 1962). 

Saykhedkar, S.S. and Singhal, R.S. 2004. SoUd-state fermentation for production of giiseofulvin on rice bran using Penicillium griseofulvum. Biotechnol. Prog., 20 1280-1284. 

Few areas of natural products chemistry have seen as many major advances in the study of biosynthetic pathways as have occurred in polyketide compounds. Birch and Donovan (1953) demonstrated that a wide range of structural types are derived from acetate (later shown to be acetate and malonate). In experiments witfi deuterated precursors, acetate serves preferentially as a starter unit for the formation of 6-methylsalicylic acid in Penicillium griseofulvum (Simpson, 1983). Thus, polyketides are derived from the same precursors as fatty acids and the initial step seems to be similar (Fig. 5.1). Extensive purifrcation of 6-methylsalicylate synthetase from Penicillium patulum has been performed. This enzyme system is distinct and separable from the co-occurring fatty acid synthetase and has a molecular weight approximately half that of the former enzyme. NADPH is required as a coenzyme for methylsalicylate synthetase from this source (O Hagan, 1990 Packter, 1980). 

Oxford, A.E., and H. Raistrick Studies in the Biochemistry of Microorganisms. 76. Mycelianamide, C22H28O5N2 a Metabolic Product of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierck X. Part 1. Preparation, Properties and Breakdown Products. Biochem. J. 42, 323 (1948). 

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