Dermatophytes and

Fenticonazole (106), on the other hand, is used topically to combat a wide variety of dermatophytes and yeasts, particularly Candida albicans. It can be synthesized from 2,4-dichlo-rophenacyl chloride (104) by reduction with borohydride and subsequent displacement with imidazole to give 105. This last undergoes ether formation with p-thiolphenylbenzyl chloride mediated by NaH to produce fcnticonazole (106) [37]. 

Terbinafme (Fig. 5.171), a member ofthe allylamine class ofantimycotics, is an inhibitor of the enzyme squalene epoxidase in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. Terbinafme is orally active, is fungicidal and is effective against a broad range of dermatophytes and yeasts. It can also be used topically as a cream. 

In terms of pharmacological action, clotrimazole is very similar to miconazole. It has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. It is effective with respect to dermatophytes, and it also has an antimicrobial effect against streptococci and staphylococci. It is also effective with respect to trichomonases. It is very widely used, both externally and vaginally for treating superficial infections. Synonyms of this drag are canesten, empecid, lotrimin, micosporin, and others. 

Ciclopirox olamine is a hydroxypyridone antifungal that is structurally unrelated to other antifungal agents. It is a broad-spectrum antimycotic agent with inhibitory activity against dermatophytes and yeasts such as Candida species and Pityrosporum orbicu-lare. Although some absorption may occur adverse reactions are rare. Local pruritus may occur. 

Ketoconazole remains useful in the treatment of cutaneous and mucous membrane dermatophyte and yeast infections, but it has been replaced by the newer triazoles in the treatment of most serious Candida infections and disseminated mycoses. Ketoconazole is usually effective in the treatment of thrush, but fluconazole is superior to ketoconazole for refractory thrush. Widespread dermatophyte infections on skin surfaces can be treated easily with oral ketoconazole when the use of topical antifungal agents would be impractical. Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with topical imidazoles is less expensive. 

Naftifine hydrochloride (Naftin) is available for topical use only in the treatment of cutaneous dermatophyte and Candida infections it is as effective as topical azoles for these conditions. 

The spectrum of action of azole medications is broad, including many Candida species, C neofbrmans, the endemic mycoses (blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis), the dermatophytes, and, in the case of itraconazole and voriconazole, even aspergillus infections. They are also useful in the treatment of intrinsically amphotericin-resistant organisms such as P boydii. 

Amphotericin B, a polyene antibiotic, is the most suitable remedy, despite the nephrotoxicity that may occur, for treating systemic mycoses such as coccidio-mycoses, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis in animals. It is not effective against dermatophytes and has no activity against bacteria. It is only available in form of a colloidal dispersion for intravenous injection since its poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract obviates oral administration. 

Griseofulvin is a fungistatic antibiotic with no antibacterial activity. It is highly effective against dermatophytes and has therefore been used orally for treatment of ringworm in a variety of animals. For calves and horses, it is mainly used as a feed additive at dosages of 10-30 mg/kg bw/day for 7-35 days. 

Inhibits growth of dermatophytes and yeast-like fungi... 

A polycyclic xanthone 102, produced by a culture of an Actinoplanes sp., exhibits very potent antifungal activity against a variety of fungal pathogens including yeasts, dermatophytes, and Aspergillus [84]. 

Phenanthroline and a number of its derivatives were lethal to dermatophytes and Candida albicans when tested as hydrochlorides, methiodides and metal chelates97. Substituents in the 1,10-phenanthroline molecule did not greatly change the antimicrobial activity except that Candida albicans was more sensitive to chelates of the 5-phenyl or 5-methyl derivatives. The labile manganese(II), cadmium, and copper(II) chelates were the most, and the methiodides were the least, potent. 

Repellent activity was detected in ethers containing pyrrolidine ring in the radical [222, 223], During initial trials N-pyrrolidylglycolphosphorous acids exhibited weak antifungal activity against dermatophytes and insecticidal and fungicidal activity. 

Deshmukh, S. K. and Agrawal, S. C. (1985). Degradation of human hair by some dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Mykosen 28,463-466. 

Kushwaha, R. K. S., and Guarro, J. (Eds.). (2000). Biology of Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic Fungi, vol. 17. Bilbao, Spain Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia. 

Owsley, D. W. and Compton, B. E. (1997). Preservation in late 19th century iron coffin burials, in Forensic Taphonomy The Post-mortem Fate of Human Remains (W. D. Haglund and M. H. Sorg, Eds.). Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 511-526. Oyeka, C. A. and Okoli, I. (2003). Isolation of dermatophytes and non-dermato-phytic fungi from soil in Nigeria. Mycoses 46, 336-338. 

The dimorphic systemic fimgi are phylogenetically closely related to the dermatophytes and can be included in the family Onygenaceae (fig. 3, 8) [135, 273, 274]. Five clearly different genera can be distinguished Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Emmonsia, Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides. Each comprises only a very few species and all are pathogenic. Species of Blastomyces... 

Leclerc MC, Philippe H, Gueho E Phylogeny of dermatophytes and dimorphic fungi based on large subunit ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. J Med Vet Mycol 1994 32 331-341. 

Naftitine is one of a series of aUylamine antifungal agents, derived from heterocychc spironaphthalenes. It is usually sold in the form of a 1% cream for topical treatment of dermatomycoses, dermatophytes, and yeasts. It is claimed to be more effective than the imidazoles. Local irritation and a burning sensation, if they occur, are only mild (SED-12, 684) (28), (SEDA-16, 297). 

Miconazole [22916 47-8] has a potent antifungal action against dermatophytes and Candida species. It is also active against gram-positive bacilli and cocci. In vitrOy it is also effective against Trichomonas, Leishmaniay and Plasmodium. Miconazole is only moderately absorbed in the digestive tract. After intravenous administration, it is rapidly metabolized. 

The mechanism of action of these macrolide antibiotics is now known to affect membrane permeability of sensitive cells. These cells are almost exclusively eukaryotic and therefore do not include bacteria. Fungi, both dermatophytes and yeasts, and, unfortu-... 

Chlormidiazole) (1958). As a 5% cream it exhibited activity against dermatophytes and some Gm+ bacteria. Thiabendazole, which was introduced subsequently as an anthelmintic, also has antifungal properties that have not been exploited. 

Miconazole, which is also a broad-spectrum antifungal, is effective topically and intravenously against dermatophytes and yeasts, and intravenously against systemic Coccidoides infections. CSF penetration is negligible. 

Onychomycosis Fungal infection of the nails is caused most frequently by dermatophytes and Candida. Mixed infections are common. The nail must be cultured or chpped for histological examination before initiating therapy because up to a third of dystrophic nails that appear clinically to be onychomycosis are actually due to psoriasis or other conditions. 

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