Anatomic variations

Epidermophytonfloccosum infects the skin and nails but not the hair, whereas different species of the genus Trichophyton display both geographical and anatomical variations. For example, T. rubrum is currently the most common dermatophyte of... 

We will merely call attention here to the tremendous inter-individual human variability which exists in the anatomy of the endocrine glands. This variability is foreshadowed by the data already given with respect to rabbits and pigeons (pp. 2021). Since a separate chapter is devoted to these glands and their functioning, specific anatomical information with respect to the specific glands will be presented there. It is possible that these anatomical variations are more important from the standpoint of health and well-being than any we have so far discussed. 

In summarizing the material on anatomical variations, it may be pointed out that the observed variations encompass all structures, brain, nerves, muscles, tendons, bones, blood, organ weights, endocrine-gland weights, etc. Data are presented which show that these structures often vary tremendously from one individual to another and that their structural differences in general are under genetic control. 

In Table 15 is given pertinent information with respect to the anatomical variations in human pituitary glads.26,27,28 Detailed comparative study of the patterns of individual glands has not been attempted, but there is nothing in the available data to preclude the existence of wide inter-individual differences with respect to the detailed anatomy and the machinery for the production of each specific hormone. 

Corticosteroids are only minimally absorbed following application to normal skin for example, approximately 1% of a dose of hydrocortisone solution applied to the ventral forearm is absorbed. Long-term occlusion with an impermeable film such as plastic wrap is an effective method of enhancing penetration, yielding a tenfold increase in absorption. There is a marked regional anatomic variation in corticosteroid penetration. Compared with the absorption from the forearm, hydrocortisone is absorbed 0.14 times as well through the plantar foot arch, 0.83 times as well... 

Thornton JS, Ordidge RJ, Penrice J, Cady EB, Amess PN, Pun-wani S, Clemence M, Wyatt JS (1998) Temporal and anatomical variations of brain water apparent diffusion coefficient in perinatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury relationships to cerebral energy metabolism. Magn Reson Med 39 920-927... 

Different topographical patterns of AMBI are associated with different vascular pathologies. Hemorheologic abnormalities or vascular anatomic variations may be contributing factors of AMBI in both hemispheres or in both the anterior and the posterior circulation (Roh et al. 2000). A scattered lesion pattern on DWI in patients with an initial negative CT is indicative of an arterial or embolic source and associated with favorable clinical outcome (Koennecke et al. 2001). Occlusion of the... 

Figure 7.2. Stractures of synapses, a Some anatomical variations. Left An intemeural synapse connects two nerve cells. Middle A neuromuscular synapse (also called motor endplate) connects the terminal button of a motoneuron to a skeletal muscle cell. Right An automic nerve cell may form several secretory varicosities that release the transmitter in the target tissue, without forming a circtrmscribed contact zone with an individtral target cell, b Electron microcoscopy of a nemomnsctrlar synapse. The synaptic cleft is very narrow, so that diffusion of secreted transmitter to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane is fast. Ntrmerous vesicles line up close to the presynaptic membrane. Note the striated myofilament in the postsynaptic cell, c Light microscopy. A single nemon branches out and sends terminal buttorrs to multiple muscle fibers.

The keratinized epithelium of the eyelids gradually transforms into the moist mucous membrane of the conjunctiva. The palpebral conjunctiva adheres tightly to the tarsus over the entire superior eyelid, as compared with the loosely adherent inferior palpebral conjunctiva. Clinically, this anatomic variation contributes to the different appearance of papillary hypertrophy occurring in the superior versus inferior palpebral conjunctiva. 

Stulberg, H.J., Bierman, H.R. Selective hepatic arteriography. Normal anatomy, anatomic variations, and pathological conditions. Radiology 1965 85 46-55... 

The unstimulated vagina anatomically consists of a luminal space that exists potentially rather than actually. However, in response to sexual excitement, some tension-induced anatomic variations occur. These anatomic variations may have effects on the long-term intravaginal delivery systems. These variations are reflected in the existence of four phases in a sexual response cycle as outlined by Masters and Johnson. ... 

Animals continue to be fair surrogates for man, despite marked differences. Anatomical variations are Important, since they can alter the quantitative response of test animals. The upper... 

Neurons are lost in all dementias. Neuronal loss is more difficult to assess than other findings in most biopsy specimens. The assessment requires quantitation more suited to morphometry than to the interpretative eye, and there is anatomic variation in neuronal density. Neuronal loss causes gliosis, which is easier to appreciate than loss of neurons after staining. 

Furniture Beetles. Anobiidae, an insect family important to the conservator, contains six genera that attack wood. Of the six, Anohium punc-tatum and Xestobium rufovillosum are of particular interest, as they commonly attack cultural property. Both beetles excavate randomly, ignoring anatomical variations, within confined regions that generally are defined by higher MC and lower extractives. 

Besides eliciting confessions, the principal method for diagnosing witchcraft was to find witch s marks on the body of the accused. Witch s marks were supernumerary nipples, a common anatomical variation, slightly more frequent in men than women, or any kind of skin lesion, such as a birthmark, mole, scar, or hemangioma. The mark was thought to indicate the spot on which the possessor was branded by the devil, like an animal by its owner, and constituted proof of a pact between that person and Satan. This made it easy enough to diagnose almost anyone as a witch. 

In 1953, Michels published his classical study of hepatic arterial anatomy, which detailed the results following the dissection of 200 cadavers [2]. He defined 10 anatomical variations of the hepatic... 

Mlakar B, Gadzijev EM, Ravnik D, Hribernik M (2003) Anatomical variations of the cystic artery. Eur J Morphol 41 31-34... 

To obtain technical success, both uterine arteries need to be embolized. Cannulation failure of one or both arteries can occur due to technical or anatomic conditions. Most technical failures of catheterization are related to anatomic variation. Vessel damage during the procedure is a rare cause of failure. 

There are some important anatomic variations associated with failure. These include tortuous artery, small uterine artery in one or both sides, absence of uterine arteries, ovarian artery supply of the fibroids and other less common variants such as a round ligament artery supply [7]. 

An anatomic variation of the lateral intercondylar ridge (LIR) was identified in 94.0 % of 318 femora and the distal half of LIR was not visible in 18.4 % of these femora. The LIR was situated in the anteriormost part of the lateral condyle surface in 8.8 % and in the posteriormost part in 8.5 %. The ACL attachment anterior margin was typically located anterior to the middle and distal part of LIR. 

A total 318 feomora were examined to determine anatomic variations of the LIR. In addition, 20 cadavers knees, in which the anterior margin was marked by radiopaque silicon markers, were examined with micro-computed tomography to evaluate the positional relationship between LIR and the anterior margin of the ACL attachment. 

Tsukada S, Fujishiro H, Watanabe K, Nimura A, Mochizuki T, Mahakkanukrauh P, Yasuda K, AMta K (2014) Anatomic variations of the lateral intercondylar ridge relationship to the anterior margin of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 42(5) 1110-1117. doi 10. 1177/0363546514524527... 

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