Species fungal

Plant Species Fungal Species Compound(s) Reference... 

Griinig GR et al.. Evidence for subdivision of the root-endophyte Phialocephala fortinii into cryptic species and recombination within species, Fungal Genet Biol 41 676-687, 2004. 

Craven KD, Hsiau PTW, Leuchtmann A, Hollin W, Schardl CL. Multigene phylogeny of Epichloe species, fungal symbionts of grasses. Ann Mo Bot Gard 88 14-34, 2001. 

Schardl CL. Epichloe species fungal symbionts of grasses. Ann Rev Phytopathol 34 109-130, 1996a. 

Canhato and Magan [39] have also described the detection of microbial and chemical contamination of potable water. Two electronic noses consisting of conducting polymer sensor arrays were compared for the early detection and discrimination of bacterial species, fungal spores, and trace concentrations of pesticides. Using PCA and CA allowed differentiation of the bacterial and fungal species after 24 hours of incubation at 25°C. However, this was not possible with the pesticides. 

Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Izawa M, Kamakura T, Yoshida M, Fujimura M, Kimura M (2008) Isolation and characterization of Tri3, a gene encoding 15-O-acetyltransferase from Fusarium sporoirichioides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72 2485-2489 Brown DW, McCormick SP, Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, Desjardins AE (2002) Inactivation of a cytochrome P-450 is a determinant of trichothecene divrasity in Fusarium species. Fungal Genet Biol 36 224-233... 

Most wood species are subject to some form of biological attack, a hazard not encountered by most other constructional materials. Fungal decay and attack by termites and other insect borers and marine borers are the main problems. The heartwood of many timber species and the sapwood of most species can be impregnated with wood preservatives to prevent these problems. 

A possible example of this thesis is the crystalline insect toxin found in Bacillus thuringiensis spores and discussed here by Dr. Anderson. Although neither the bacillus nor its spores exhibit useful antibiotic activity against other microorganisms, the very specific toxicity to insects has become of major commercial interest. The enormous number and variety of fungal species available for further examination must lead inevitably to one or more which produces pesticidal metabolites. 

Obviously, one looks for causes. That declines in one or another species have natural factor etiologies is unequivocal. The demise of American elms and of the chestnut were due to natural factors. Insect infestations, bacterial and fungal diseases, hurricanes, floods, freezes, droughts and many other stresses can cause extensive tree death (5). But in such declines typically only a single species is affected or climatic events caused decline in a delimited area. In almost all declines caused by natural events, the causal factors can be identified we know their precise etiologies. Natural events are always part of the natural environment and must be factored in when evaluating forest declines (Table I). 

After this, we demonstrated the ability of wheat anionic POs to bind to the chitin of the cell walls of fungal pathogens. We called these POs "chitin-binding POs" (Maksimov et al., 2003). We were the first to demonstrate the binding of the anionic PO of wheat root to chitin (Maksimov et al., 1994). Besides this, we observed that in some species the activity of POs was increased in the unbound Armoracia rustkana, Lagenaria siceraria) or eluted Pisum sativum, Galega orientalis, Brassica oleraceae) fractions of proteins after interaction with chitin. 

There are representatives of desiccation tolerant species amongst all of the major plant divisions. The water content of many bacterial and fungal spores is low (<25%) and they exhibit great tolerance of desiccation (see Ross Billing, 1957 Bradbury et ai, 1981). Desiccation tolerant cyanobacteria are found in a diverse range of drought-prone habitats. 

In addition to the proteins mentioned above, there have been many reports of the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) in a number of plant species infected by viruses, viroids, bacteria or fungi (Van Loon, 1985). It has been shown that in cultured parsley cells, increased transcription of two PRP genes occurs within a few minutes of exposure to fungal elicitors (Somssich et al., 1986). Although several PRPs from tobacco have been purified and their cDNAs isolated (Hooft van Huijsduij-nen. Van Loon Bol, 1986), the exact action of these proteins remains unclear. 

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