Dermatitis turpentine

Turpentine 2.4 Can cause dermatitis, asthma, kidney and bladder damage. Use under hood with exhaust system. 

Sage, eucalyptus, turpentine, pine, pennyroyal, and cinnamon contain hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, esters, and ketones. These components can cause allergic contact dermatitis, which begins 12 h within sensitization and peaks at 48-72 h. Essential oils are mucosal irritants leading to gastrointestinal distress and salivation. Concentrated formulations of essential oils can cause convulsions and CNS depression at 10 ml doses. Aspiration can cause chemical pneumonitis. Alcohol produces intoxication, which may be complicated by hypoglycemia, especially in children. 

Chronic effects associated with occupational exposures to turpentine include cerebral atrophy, behavioral changes, anemia, bone marrow damage, glomerulonephritis, and dermatitis. Urinary disturbances, albuminuria, and urinary casts were observed in workers exposed to paints and varnishes. Elowever, renal damage associated with occupational exposures to turpentine was transient and reversible. 

Chronic skin exposure to turpentine may produce a hypersensitivity reaction, with bullous dermatitis and/or eczema. A case-control study of workers in particle-board, plywood, sawmills, and formaldehyde glue factories demonstrated a statistically significant association between chronic exposure (longer than 5 years) to terpenes (the principal component of turpentine) and the development of respiratory tract cancers. 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS there is little evidence that turpentine vapor at lower concentrations is a chronic systemic poison defatting agent, causing dermatitis skin hypersensitivity. 

Vegetable turpentine was an ingredient in rubefacients such as Sloan s liniment. Allergic contact dermatitis to turpentine has been thoroughly investigated by Pirila and co-workers (e.g., Pirila et al. 1969). 

Pirila V, Kilpio O, Olkkonen A, Pirila L, Siltanen E (1969) On the chemical nature of the eczematogens in oil of turpentine. Dermatologica 139 183-194 Plewig G, Hofmann C, Braun-Falco O (1978) Photoallergic dermatitis from 8-methoxy psoralen. Arch Dermatol Res 261 201-211... 

Most terpenes show low acute oral toxicity and low dermal toxicity. Contact dermatitis is the most common symptom described as a result of exposure to terpenes. Other allergic reactions occur more rarely e.g. allergic rhinitis or allergic bronchial asthma. The most common products with an allergic potential (contact dermatitis) are oils of turpentine. Older turpentine products show higher allergic potential than freshly distilled products. Turpentines have now been replaced by other less toxic petrochemical products. 

Cronin E (1979) Oil of turpentine - a disappearing allergen. Contact Dermatitis 5 308-311... 

Dooms-Goossens A, Deleu H (1991) Airborne contact dermatitis an update. Contact Dermatitis 25 211-217 Dooms-Goossens A, Degreef H, Holvoet C, Maertens M (1977) Turpentine-induced hyper-sensitivity to peppermint oil. Contact Dermatitis 3 304-308... 

Allergic contact dermatitis is the most important occupational skin disease among painters. The consequences can be serious the sensitized workers may, for instance, have been obliged to change their occupation (Mathias 1984 Holmes 1993). Since the 1970s, synthetic resins have replaced turpentine as the most important causes of sensitization caused by paints (Mathias 1984 Jolanki 1991 Holmes et al. 1993 Kanerva 1995). Other causes include biocides necessary in water-based paints, and other additives such as hardeners or accelerators and inhibitors of polymerization (Mathias 1984 Fischer 1990, 1995). There are also several other potential causes, including plasticizers, dryers and chromates (Mathias 1984 Fischer et al. 1990). Formaldehyde and rubber chemicals, as well as turpentine and other natural products, can also be included in the list of potential allergens. 

Until the 1980s, turpentine was the principal solvent and thinner in paints and the main cause of irritant and allergic dermatitis among painters. It is an extract of pine trees, and its chief components are terpene... 

Cachao P, Menezes Brandao P, Carmo M, Frazao S, Silva M (1986) Allergy to oil of turpentine in Portugal. Contact Dermatitis 14 205-208... 

Vente C, Fuchs T (1997) Contact dermatitis due to oil of turpentine in a porcelain painter. Contact Dermatitis 37 187... 

Rudzki E, Czernielewski A, Grzywa Z, Hegyi E, Jirasek J, Kalensky J, Michailov P, Nebenfuhrer L, Rothe A, Schubert H, Stransky L, Szarmach H, Temesvari E, Ziegler V (1991) Contact allergy to oil of turpentine a lo-year retrospective view. Contact Dermatitis 24 317-318... 

Decorators do develop irritant contact dermatitis from turpentine, as it is still used widely in the pottery industry because it less inflammable than white spirit or turpentine substitutes. There was an epidemic reported in the Stoke-on-Trent pottery industry of allergic contact dermatitis from Indonesian turpentine (Lear et al. 1996). 

Dipentene corresponds to a racemic mixture of D-limonene and L-limonene. Dipentene can be prepared from wood turpentine or by synthesis. It is used as a solvent for waxes, rosin and gums, in printing inks, perfumes, rubber compounds, paints, enamells, and lacquers. As an irritant and sensitizer, dipentene has caused contact dermatitis mainly in painters, polishers and varnishers. 

Lear JT, Heagerty AHM, Tan BB, Smith AG, English JSC (1996) Transient re-emergence of oil turpentine allergy in the pottery industry. Contact Dermatitis 35 169-172... 

Sensitisers, on the other hand, do not cause dermatitis until the individual has first become sensitised by them. This involves an allergic response in the blood initially, the dermatitis following on subsequent exposure. Once sensitisation has occurred a small dose may be sufficient to cause a rash. Sensitisers include chrome-salts, nickel, cobalt, plastics made of epoxy, fomaldehyde, urea or phenolic resins, rubber additives, some woods and plants Some substances act as both irritant and sensitiser, e.g. chrome, nickel, turpentine and mercury compounds. 

In Chinese medicine, gum turpentine and rosin (mainly from Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., P. massoniana Lamb., and P. yunnanensis Franch.) have been used for centuries in treating rheumatism, stiff joints, toothache, boils, and sores. Furthermore rosin is used in treating ringworms, chronic bronchitis, and neurogenic dermatitis, among others. They are used both internally and externally. 

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