Concentrates, formulations

Methyl parathion may also be introduced into the air as a result of its volatilization from plant surfaces, and somewhat from soil, especially in the period just after application. Under simulated field conditions (20° C air velocity 1 meter/second relative air humidity 40-60%), an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of methyl parathion was applied to bare soil and bean plants. After 24 hours, the amounts of methyl parathion that had volatilized from bare soil and bean plants were 5 and 64% of the applied amount, respectively (Rudel 1997). 

Factor IX Replacement Hemophilia B therapy may include recombinant (produced via transfection of mammalian cells with the human factor IX gene) or plasma-derived (concentrate from pooled plasma) factor IX (see Table 64-2). Guidelines for choosing the factor-concentrate formulation for hemophilia B are similar to the guidelines for hemophilia A. However, older-generation factor IX concentrates containing other vitamin K-dependent proteins (e.g., factors II, VII, and IX), called prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs), have been associated with thrombogenic side effects. Consequently, these products are not first-line treatment for hemophilia B.11... 

Shire, S.J., Shahrokh, Z., and Liu J. 2004. Challenges in the development of high protein concentration formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 93, 1390-1402. 

Pyrethroid poisonings in humans have been reported, but a life-threatening risk has rarefy occurred except in cases where concentrated formulations were swallowed. He et al. reviewed 573 cases of acute pyrethroid poisoning, including... 

An essential part of the development of a new pesticide is establishing a good, dependable formulation. The product s active ingredient and physical properties should remain acceptable for two years or more. These formulations are often subjected to storage conditions of extreme heat, cold, and hiamidity. Once sold to the applicator, the concentrated formulation should dilute easily to field strength and pass freely through conventional spray equipment. 

Colorado potato beetle, diamond back moth, pear psylla, and Liriomyza leafminers can be achieved at extremely low application rates of MK-936 in the range of 0.005-0.03 lb per acre (5.5 - 33 g per hectare). For foliage applications a 0.15 EC (1.8% w/v) emulsifiable concentrate formulation has been developed. Field studies have shown that the formulation is non-phytotoxic to all target crops on which it has been evaluated including many varieties of sensitive ornamental plants. 

Spinosad (Fig. 9) is a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, originally isolated from the soil Actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosad is recommended for the control of a very wide range of caterpillars, leaf miners, thrips and foliage-feeding beetles. Spinosad is sold as an aqueous based suspension concentrate formulation under several trade names. 

Corrosion is effectively controlled by using chemical inhibitor systems which are added to the glycol to make a complete coolant concentrate formulation commonly referred to as permanent engine coolant. 

The relationship between particle size and foliage injury was shown in work with liquefied gas aerosol formulations of hexaethyl tetraphosphate for greenhouse applications (I). Particles larger than 20 microns diameter injured some varieties of foliage. Increasing pressure and using smaller nozzles lowered the mass median diameter but did not eliminate the maximum sized particles. The problem was finally solved with a low-concentration formulation, in which the particles larger than 20 microns in diameter could be eliminated. 

This concentrated formulation can be used for a variety of applications. The builder systam is designed to be safe for use on a variety of surfaces at use dilutions. Possible applications i nclude ... 

Up to the late 1960s, only dry formulations of atrazine were available. Ciba-Geigy Corporation later developed the first water-based, flowable concentrate formulation of an herbicide, AAtrex 4L, which was approved on January 15, 1970. This development launched a new era in herbicide formulation technology. The water-based formulation improved the manufacturing process, minimized dust, was easier to package and to load into application equipment, and easier to mix. Gradually, more and more farmers who used atrazine switched to the liquid formulation, which is now the preferred formulation. 

Prometon. Prometon was used in the United States for weed control on nonagricultural sites under the trade names Pramitol and Primatol . Offered as an 80 W or 25E (emulsifiable concentrate) formulation, Pramitol mixed readily with water and other herbicides. Alone, Pramitol controlled a wide variety of weeds and could be sprayed on soil before the application of asphalt to inhibit weed breakthrough in driveways or parking areas. A 5P (pelleted) formulation... 

Following this, c+ is no more an independent field and, thus, the governing equations can be transformed into a displacement-pressure-concentration formulation allowing for an efficient numerical treatment within the FEM. 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of diazinon, diluted to field strength (0.5% a.i.) was used to contaminate 100% cotton fabric.7 A single hot-water wash (60°C) results in 1% diazinon remaining on the cotton fabric. When cotton is contaminated with the concentrated (full-strength) diazinon (47.5%), and washed in hot water, 4% pesticide residue remains. 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of diazinon, diluted to 1.0% a.i. was used to contaminate a 50/50 blend of cotton and polyester. A single warm-water wash (49°C) results in approximately 4% diazinon remaining however, if the fabric is pretreated with Spray n Wash (a prewash commercial soil and stain remover containing a blend of... 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of Triallate, diluted to field strength concentration (1.8% a.i.), was used to contaminate cotton twill fabric. The best laundry procedure is to pretreat the work clothing with a pre-wash commercial soil and stain remover containing a blend of surfactants and solvents, launder in hot water (60°C), and then launder a second time. Approximately 18% of the pesticide remains in the fabric using the above procedure after a single wash when no pretreatment and warm water (50°C) were used, as much as 48% of the Triallate remained. 

Solutions of ciprofloxacin are light sensitive and should be protected from light and freezing [3]. When the concentrate formulated for intravenous injection, or the 1.2 g pharmacy bulk package, is diluted with 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection to a final concentration of 0.5-2 mg/mL, the resultant solution is stable for upto 14 days when stored at room temperature or when refrigerated at 2 8°C [5]. 

For the mAb in this comparison, the initial product is from an early cell line that is formulated as a liquid, stored frozen, and administered by IV injection. This is sufficient for initial safety, PK/PD, and pharmacologic activity assessments in phase 1 but is not an acceptable product profile for commercialization. To be competitive in the intended clinical indication, the product needs to be stored as a lyophilized powder (to increase shelf life and concentration), to be reconstituted and injected SC as needed. The acceptable volume for SC injection dictates a much more concentrated formulation. 

It has been found that not only microencapsulated methyl parathlon but also emulslflable concentrate formulations of various pesticides are carried back to hives by bees approximately In proportion to their rates of application. Field studies Involving blooming crops have demonstrated that In many Instances the microencapsulated methyl parathlon Is less hazardous to bees than the corresponding emulslflable concentrate. This hazard can be further reduced by the addition of certain adjuvants of the "sticker" type which in experimental studies has resulted In 50 to 90 percent reductions in bee mortality. Numerous field observations on various crops have shown that microencapsulated methyl parathlon frequently has a minimal adverse effect on entomophagous Insects. 

By virtue of their unique formulation, microencapsulated pesticides have significantly lower dermal and oral toxiclties than the corresponding emulslflable concentrate formulations. Microencapsulated methyl parathion (MMP) was Introduced commercially in 1974 In 1976 and thereafter reports of bee kills allegedly caused by this product were published, primarily In the news media and non-refereed journals. Claims were subsequently made that MMP Is carried back to the hive and Is uniquely hazardous because the size of the microcapsules Is In the range of many pollens. 

Some pesticides are so insoluble in the solvents used in ECs that they have to be formulated in other ways. In this case, these pesticides can be formulated to become water-based mixtures that can be handled and applied in the same manner as ECs. Basically, suspend-able concentrate formulations that contain 50% to 90% of the toxicant are WPs of small particle size (1-5 pm) that remain in suspension for long periods. Suspendability and storage stability are improved by inclusion of surfactants and various additives. Oils can be added when penetration of plants is desired. 

A milestone in application of microencapsulation to herbicides was the development of high concentration formulations. Commercial products containing 480 grams of herbicide in microcapsules per liter volume of formulation were possible. This development was based upon the discovery of dispersing polymers that could emulsify a larger volume of pesticide into a smaller volume of water [4]. 

These rodenticides are available as meal bait packs, pellets, mini pellets, blocks, mini blocks, wax blocks, liquid bait formulations, tracking powder, and concentrate formulations (POISINDEX, 2007 WHO, 2008 Wilton, 1991). 

Proprietary Name Manufacturer Generic/ Concentration Formulation... 

Emulsifiable concentrates leave little visible residue on plants. However, some plants are sensitive to the solvents and additives and damage (sometimes termed phytotoxicity) may occur. For this reason, an emulsifiable concentrate formulation may not be registered for a particular plant, even though wettable powder and dust formulations of the same active ingredient can be used. 

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