Allergic potential

Knippels, L.M. and Penninks, A.H., Assessment of the allergic potential of food protein extracts and proteins on oral application using the brown Norway rat model, Environ. Health Perspect., 11, 233, 2003. 

Povidone-iodine Povidone-iodine Good antibacterial activity, low irritative, phototoxic potential and toxicity Slight allergic potential, restrictive use in patients with thyroid gland disease... 

Essential oils Melaleuca altemifolia (tea tree oil), Famesol Good antibacterial activity, antiinflammatory potential High allergic potential... 

Octenidine is an antiseptic with proven antimicrobial qualities, which is frequently used as a disinfectant in surgery as well as antiseptic mouthwash with excellent tolerance especially when used on mucous membranes.23,24 It has even been shown to be effective in eradicating MRSA when used as an octenidine dihydrochloride whole-body wash combined with nasal mupirocin treatment.25 Due to the low irritant and allergic potential as well a low resistance rate, octenidine seems to be a substance with a promising future. 

As stated earlier, antiseptic cleaning may be useful in prevention of bacterial infections of the skin, but a prophylactic effect of antiseptics for prevention of eczema has not been shown yet. Due to their mostly irritative and sometimes allergic potential, antiseptics rather deteriorate the skin barrier of intact skin by degreasing the lipid barrier. In addition, they probably enhance susceptibility of dry skin for irritants more than they protect.17 Late onset hypersensitivity and eczema occur regularly and are well-documented events. 

Veterinary products are applied by man and may, in certain cases, present hazards to the user, for example by accidential injection. Proper handling can avoid problems. Appropriate safety recommendations should be included on the product label or in the package insert. Certain products may require further safety measures concerning their storage, use and disposal, and it may be necessary to substantiate the problem by specific studies on the local skin or mucosal irritation, percutaneous irritation, inhalation toxicity or on the allergic potential (EEC, Volume VI, Part IV, Notes for Guidance). 

Since the acute toxicity of mancozeb is relatively low as is with most dithiocarbamates, acute intoxication in humans is unlikely to occur unless large amounts are ingested. Mostly mancozeb is known for its irritant and allergic potential in occupational exposures. Skin irritation and sensitization has been studied in humans and have shown mild erythema and itching. 

Maneb is primarily known for its irritant and allergic potential in occupational exposures. Skin irritation and sensitization has been studied in humans mild erythema and itching are common. 

In general, it can be said that the patient rather than the drug determines the incidence of sensitization. Allergic reactions occur in a comparatively small number of patients who take drugs, since drugs with an unusually high allergic potential (e.g., phenylethylhydantoin) are either kept from distribution or soon withdrawn. 

Properties Silvery heavy liq. insol. in water, alcohol, ether, HCI sol. in sulfuric acid, lipids readily sol. in nitric acid at.wt. 200.59 dens. 13.59 f.p. -38.85 C b.p. 356.6 C extremely high surf, tension high elec, conduct. noncombustible Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 0.05 mg (Hg)/m (vapor, skin) LCLo (inh., rabbit, 30 h) 29 mg/m highly toxic by skin absorption and inhalation of fume or vapor, absorbed by respiratory and intestinal tract low allergic potential human systemic effects by inh. muscle weakness, anorexia, headache. 

Often terpenes may be included as additives, e.g. food additives licensed by the FDA. Terpenes detected in indoor air are mainly the monoterpenes alpha-, beta- pineries, 3 -carene and d-limonene which occur primarily in conifer products. Some of the monoterpenes may be converted into well-known epoxides and peroxides with high allergic potential. ... 

Most terpenes show low acute oral toxicity and low dermal toxicity. Contact dermatitis is the most common symptom described as a result of exposure to terpenes. Other allergic reactions occur more rarely e.g. allergic rhinitis or allergic bronchial asthma. The most common products with an allergic potential (contact dermatitis) are oils of turpentine. Older turpentine products show higher allergic potential than freshly distilled products. Turpentines have now been replaced by other less toxic petrochemical products. 

Often mixtures of terpene products or so-called natural products show allergic effects, e.g. fragrant mixtures containing d-limonene, tea tree oil, oilseed rape. Consumer products such as deodorants or perfumes also contain terpenes with allergic potential. ... 

Various solvents have well-known allergic potentials. Allergic symptoms of the respiratory tract (rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, asthma), allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis can be provoked by solvents. The allergic effects of solvents can also contribute to other diseases such as MCS, autoimmune diseases. 

Allergic potential of solvent products depends on the typical solvent structure. For example, in glycol ethers their allergic potential is proportional to the charge of interacting molecules. 

Roberts DW, Basketter DA (1990) A quantitative structure activity/dose response relationship for contact allergic potential of alkyl group transfer agents. Contact Dermatitis... 

Sailstad DM, Teper JS, Doerfler DL, Qasim M, Selgrade MK (1994) Evaluation of an azo and two anAraquinone dyes for allergic potential. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23 569-577... 

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