Skin exposure

Hydrogen fluoride or compounds that can produce it and fluorine-containing oxidizers should be handled with adequate safety equipment and extreme care by weU-trained personnel. Often the effect of skin exposure is not immediately evident, especially when dilute solutions are handled. Pain may develop several hours later. 

The toxicity of chloronaphthalenes requires that special attention and caution be used during their manufacture and use acne is the most common result of excessive skin exposure to them and the most frequendy affected areas are the face and neck (16). Liver damage has occurred in workers who have been exposed repeatedly to vapors, particulady to those of penta- and hexachloronaphthalene [1335-87-1] (17,18). Uses for the chlorinated naphthalenes include solvents, gauge and instmment duids, capacitor impregnants, components in electric insulating compounds, and electroplating stop-off compounds. 

Skin exposure should be avoided and must be considered when selecting protective equipment and clothing. 

In view of the above, aniline should be handled in areas with adequate ventilation and skin exposure should be avoided by wearing the proper safety equipment. Recommended personal protective equipment includes hard hat with brim, chemical safety goggles, hiU length face shield, mbber gaundet gloves, mbber apron, and mbber safety shoes or mbber boots worn over leather shoes. 

The dermal adsorption of DEBT in humans has been studied in the Netherlands by appHcation of DEBT as undiluted technical material or as 15% solutions in alcohol. Labeled material was recovered from the skin, and absorption of DEBT was indicated by the appearance of label in urine after two hours of skin exposure. About 5—8% of the appHed treatments was recovered as metaboHtes from urine, and excretion of metaboHtes in the urine came to an end four hours after exposure ended. DEBT did not accumulate in the skin, and only a small (less than 0.08%) amount ended up in feces. Curiously, less has been absorbed through skin from 100% DEBT appHcation (3—8%, mean of 5.6%) than from 15% alcohol appHcation (4—14%, mean of 8.4%). These results have been described as consistent with previous absorption/metaboHsm studies using guinea pigs, rats, and hairless dogs. Other pubHcations on DEBT toxicology have been cited (92). 

Entry into a tank that has contained any chlorinated or any easily evaporated solvent requires special procedures to ensure worker safety. The heavier vapors tend to concentrate in unventilated spaces. The proper tank entry procedure requires positive ventilation, testing for residue solvent vapor and oxygen levels, and the use of respiratory equipment and rescue harness. Monitoring the tank from outside is also important. The use of an appropriate gas mask is permissible in vapor concentrations of less than 2% and when there is no deficiency of atmospheric oxygen, but not for exposures exceeding one-half hour. Skin exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane can cause irritation, pain, bHsters, and even burning. Eye exposure may produce irritation, but should... 

Industrial environments expose individuals to a plethora of airborne chemical compounds in the form of vapors, aerosols, or biphasic mixtures of both. These atmospheric contaminants primarily interface with two body surfaces the respiratory tract and the skin. Between these two routes of systemic exposure to airborne chemicals (inhalation and transdermal absorption) the respiratory tract has the larger surface area and a much greater percentage of this surface exposed to the ambient environment. Or dinary work clothing generally restricts skin exposures to the arms, neck, and head, and special protective clothing ensembles further limit or totally eliminate skin exposures, but breathing exposes much of the airway to contaminants. 

Assessment of skin exposure continues to be relatively difficult because it is difficult to measure t r estimate the dose actually absorbed by the skin. 

The potential total dermal dose (PTDD) for workers is a summation of the skin exposure data, the hand wash data, and the head patch data for each individual worker. 

The skin exposure is first calculated by correcting the outer whole-body dosimeter residues by the penetration factor. The penetration factor is derived from dividing the total outer torso residues into the total residues on the combined tee-shirt and brief... 

Ultraviolet light and increased skin exposure may increase the risk of skin malignancies, especially in individuals who are fair-skinned. Practitioners can counsel patients to minimize skin exposure to the sun and to use to strong sun screens on exposed areas. 

Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. 

GB is a lethal anticholinesterase agent. Its toxic hazard is high for inhalation, ingestion, and eye/skin exposure. Due to its high volatility, it is mainly an... 

WBDs) and the second group wore swimming suits to give maximum skin exposure. The cotton WBDs were chosen to normalize regional differences in surface contact and to increase the sample size relative to cotton-patch dosimeters (Durham and Wolfe, 1962). 

The exposure value thus yielded provides a measure of the skin exposure with and without consideration of a protective garment and gloves (personal protective equipment = PPE), and may be taken directly for comparison with appropriate data from relevant toxicity studies for assessment of the risk via the dermal route. 

Colorless liquid with a sweet, pleasant odor similar to ether. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local eye impacts. It does not cause immediate irritation to warn of skin exposure. 

Bicyclophosphates are hazardous through any route of exposure including inhalation, skin exposure, ingestion, and broken, abraded, or lacerated skin (e.g., penetration of skin by debris). 

Phenol A white, crystalline mass that is most frequently found in solution form. It is a moderate fire hazard. Emits toxic fumes when heated. Absorbed readily through the skin. Exposures to skin areas as small as 64 in2 have resulted in death in less than 1 hr. 

Packing Group 1—Great Danger Full thickness destruction of human skin (exposure time, 3 min or less observation time, 60 min). 

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