Responses hypersensitivity

Children younger than 2 years of age because of greater variability of response hypersensitivity to diphenoxylate or atropine obstructive jaundice diarrhea associated with pseudomembranous enterocolitis or enterotoxin-producing bacteria. 

Maneb or mancozeb. Maneb and mancozeb have been found to cause allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed (type IV immune system response) hypersensitivity reaction. After sensitivity to a particular allergen develops, subsequent contact to minute doses of the antigen elicits an acute response. While allergic and irritant contact dermatitis usually have indistinguishable clinical characteristics, the former reaction is a true allergy whereas the latter reaction is one whose intensity is proportional to the dose applied (Rice and Cohen... 

Asthma is an extremely complex condition characterized by variable and reversible airways obstmction combiaed with nonspecific bronchial hypersensitivity (1 3). The cause of asthma, which is not always readily diagnosed (4), remains unknown. Days, if not weeks, ate needed to document the spontaneous reversal of the airways obstmction ia some patients. Asthmatics experience both an immediate hypersensitivity response and a delayed late-phase reaction, each mediated by a different pathway. Chronic asthma has come to be viewed as an inflammatory disease (5). The late-phase reaction plays a key role ia iaduciag and maintaining the inflammatory state which ia turn is thought to iaduce the bronchial hyperresponsiveness (6). The airways obstmction results from both contraction of airways smooth muscle and excessive bronchial edema. Edema, a characteristic of inflammatory states, is accompanied, ia this case, by the formation of a viscous mucus which can completely block the small airways. 

There should be sufficientiy large numbers of animals to allow a quantitative determination of the average response and the range of responses, including the demonstration of hypersensitive populations. When objective procedures are undertaken, these should be sufficient to allow vaUd statistical comparison to be made between treated and control groups. 

The adverse effects iaclude digestive disturbances, neurological symptoms, and manifestations of allergic responses. As many as half of the patients taking it are iacapacitated by some of these adverse reactions for several hours. Whether these symptoms are caused by hypersensitivity to the dmg, the parasite, or by a manifestation of the disease is not known. Overall, effects are dose-related and transient. 

Prolonged contact with certain chromium compounds may produce allergic reactions and dermatitis in some individuals (114). The initial response is usually caused by exposure to Cr(VI) compounds, but once the allergy is estabUshed, it is extended to the trivalent compounds (111,115). There is also limited evidence of possible chromium associated occupational asthma, but there is insufficient data to estimate a dose for assumed chromium-induced asthma. Reference 116 provides a summary and discussion of chromium hypersensitivity. 

Anaphylactic shock. A systemic hypersensitivity response resulting in dramatic decrease in blood pressure. 

A number of chimerized, humanized, and one human mAb have now been approved for therapeutic use in humans in the treatment of autoimmunity, malignancy, infection and cardiovascular disease (Table 1). Some of the currently licensed mAb will be discussed here. A much larger number of mAb are currently being evaluated in Phase I, II and III trials. In general, chimeric, humanized and human mAb are very well tolerated with few side effects. Chimeric or humanized mAb still have the potential to evoke host immune response to the variable domains or CDRs of the antibody so-called HACA (human anti-chimeric antibody) or HAHA (human anti-human antibody) responses, although these responses are uncommon. Short-lived and occasionally severe infusion-related acute hypersensitivity reactions such as fever, skin itching, shivering, respiratory compromise and low blood pressure sometimes occur-. Such effects may... 

Hypersensitivity (or allergy) describes an inappropriate immune response to foreign substances, allergens, giving rise to irritant or harmful reactions. 

Promoting an Optimal Response to Therapy Monitoring each patient for response to drug therapy and for the appearance of adverse reactions is an integral part of promoting an optimal response to therapy. The nurse immediately reports serious adverse reactions, such as signs and symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction or superinfection, respiratory difficulty, or a marked drop in blood pressure... 

Ross, P.S., de Swart, R.L., and Reijnders, P.J.H. et al. (1995). Contaminant related suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity and antibody responses in harbor seals from the Baltic Sea. Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 162. 

Franken HH, Dubois AEJ, Minkema HJ, van der Heide S, de Monchy JG Lack of reproducibihty of a single negative sting challenge response in the assessment of anaphylactic risk in patients with suspected yellow jacket hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994 93 431-436. 

Table 4. Substances responsible for IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in France. Results from seven consecutive surveys [9] (% values)... 

HR hypersensitive response HRGP hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins k first order rate constant K constant in Eq. (12) kLa mass transfer coefficient (h )... 

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