Component costing

The economic importance of an ore deposit itself is largely affected by mineral or metal prices. Mine closures and reopenings are a common event in the mineral iadustry for this reason. Economics can also be affected by the ore composition, for example, by unacceptable levels of penalty elements ia the ore. The assessment of overall economics of exploiting a given ore deposit is similar to that for any large-scale industry. The various cost components are those associated with equipment, labor, utiUties, contingencies, operation and production, transportation, working capital, suppHes, maintenance. 

Clays vary in price from only a few doUars per ton for common clay to > 0.25/kg for some of the specialty surface treated clays. For clays that are used in large quantities such as kaolins for paper coatings, transportation to the point of use may be the primary cost component. 

Therefore, for the same amount of appHed coating the volume of coating sold decreases. Because solvents are usually the lowest cost components of the coating, cost per unit volume increases. 

Factor Estimations Most factor methods for estimating the total installed cost of a process plant are based on a combination of materials, labor, and overhead cost components. These can be conveniently grouped as... 

Smokeless Steam Inspirating Air Coanda effect nozzles are used to inspirate air into the mixing chamber. Claim high efficiency of steam use. Claim low steam noise. Complex nozzles are a high-cost component. Brochure shows much R D back-up of basic design, in marked contrast to those of other vendors. Coanda effect is well understood and widely used, therefore working principle is well established. 

It is in the second two of these cost components that, in relation to other materials, plastics can offer particular advantages. Fabrication costs include power, labour, consumables, etc and Table 1.10 shows that, in terms of the overall energy consumption, plastics come out much better than metals. Performance costs relate to servicing, warranty claims, etc. On this basis plastics can be very attractive to industries manufacturing consumer products because they can offer advantages such as colour fasmess, resilience, toughness, corrosion resistance and uniform quality - all features which help to ensure a reliable product. 

With the cost components identified and the project broken down into tasks, create a worksheet to tally the costs for the total project. Note that costing a task is sometimes simplified if it is to be subcontracted. Costing then includes bidding the task, selecting a contractor, and then using the contract price as your cost. 

After years of testing, we realized that far simpler and quite inexpensive chargers can be used, especially when the charging is done more slowly, mainly overnight. Reliable chargers made from low-cost components are imperative for a worldwide market penetration. It was found that... 

The bold lines demonstrate the short-term system. It is obvious that no feedback loops exist between antiviral intervention and other elements of the system. Therefore, the total COl can be calculated by just adding the independent cost components. 

Table 4.6. Cost Components for UV and HPLC Measurements the Numbers Give the Necessary Time in Hours amortization of the Equipment and Infrastructure is Assumed to be Included in the Hourly Rates...

Feed, product and intermediate storage can be very significant cost components. 

In general, microsomes/S9 and cofactor (NADPH or UDPG A) are the most costly components of an incubation, but substrate, especially for early discovery compounds, is sometimes scarce. Higher enzyme concentration will lead to higher volume productivity and less amount of the cofactor to maintain the same cofactor concentration. However, the relationship of reaction rate and enzyme concentration may not be linear, so a higher enzyme concentration may yield lower enzyme productivity (amount of product per milligram enzyme used). Therefore, different protein concentration levels should be screened to obtain a good balance between volume and enzyme productivities. 

The resistance thermometry is based on the temperature dependence of the electric resistance of metals, semiconductors and other resistive materials. This is the most diffused type of low-temperature thermometry sensors are usually commercial low-cost components. At very low temperatures, however, several drawbacks take place such as the low thermal conductivity in the bulk of the resistance and at the contact surface, the heating due to RF pick up and overheating (see Section 9.6.3)... 

Hauserman, W.B. (1997). Relating Catalytic Coal or Biomass Gasification Mechanisms to Plant Capital Cost Components, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 22, (4). pp. 409-414. 

Operating costs include the costs of raw materials, direct operating labor, labor supervision, maintenance, plant supplies, utilities (steam, gas, electricity, fuel), property taxes, and insurance. Sometimes certain operating cost components are directly expressed as a fraction of the capital investment cost. Table B.3 is a brief checklist... 

AFC s for remote applications (i.e., space, undersea, military) are not strongly constrained by cost. On the other hand, the consumer and industrial markets require the development of low cost components if the AFC is to successfully compete with alternative technologies. Much of the recent interest in AFC s for mobile and stationary terrestrial applications has addressed the development of low cost cell components. In this regard, carbon based porous electrodes play a prominent role. 

In another report, James and Kalinoski [4] performed an estimation of the costs for a direct hydrogen fuel cell system used in automotive applications. The assumed system consisted of an 80 kW system with four fuel cell stacks, each with 93 active cells this represents around 400 MEAs (i.e., 800 DLs) per system. The study was performed assuming that the DL material used for both the anode and cathode sides would be carbon fiber paper with an MPL. In fact, the cost estimate was based on SGL Carbon prices for its DLs with an approximate CEP value of around US 12 m for 500,000 systems per year. Based on this report, the overall value of the DLs (with MPL) is around US 42.98 per kilowatt (for current technology and 1,000 systems per year) and 3.27 per kilowatt (for 2015 technology and 500,000 systems per year). Figure 4.2 shows the cost component distribution for this 80 kW fuel cell system. In conclusion, the diffusion layer materials used for fuel cells not only have to comply with all the technical requirements that different fuel cell systems require, but also have to be cost effective. 

Cost component distribution for a direct hydrogen PEM fuel cell system. (From B. D. James and J. A. KaHnoski. Annual progress report, DOE Hydrogen Program, 700-704. Washingtoiv D.C. U.S. Department of Energy, 2007.)... 

Finding 10. Prudent management requires early decisions, accurate assumptions, and full consideration of all cost components, regardless of the entity incurring them, and cost estimates that approach the actual final costs. Project cost control procedures and contract incentives were not established as part of the JACADS contract. 

Sensitivity studies have shown that costs are likely to be contaminant specific and depend on plant size and location. The design of a commercial facility has not been finalized. Solar collectors are the largest cost component of solar detoxification systems, and some research indicates that a one-sun system (in a one-sun system, solar energy is not concentrated by reflectors or solar panels) that does not use a solar collector may be more efficient in accessing diffuse ultraviolet light. Another design concern that may impact process costs is the use of a fixed catalyst versus a slurry feed (D12953N, pp.190-203). 

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