Solar collector

Teflon Solar Film for Solar Collectors, E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. 

Fiber-reiaforced panels covered with PVF have been used for greenhouses. Transparent PVF film is used as the cover for flat-plate solar collectors (114) and photovoltaic cells (qv) (115). White PVF pigmented film is used as the bottom surface of photovoltaic cells. Nonadhering film is used as a release sheet ia plastics processiag, particularly ia high temperature pressing of epoxy resias for circuit boards (116—118) and aerospace parts. Dispersions of PVF are coated on the exterior of steel hydrauHc brake tubes and fuel lines for corrosion protection. 

A. Rabl, Active Solar Collectors and Their Applications, Oxford University Press, New York, 1985. 

MiscelEneous. Small quantities of cobalt compounds are used in the production of electronic devices such as thermistors, varistors, piezoelectrics (qv), and solar collectors. Cobalt salts are useful indicators for humidity. The blue anhydrous form becomes pink (hydrated) on exposure to high humidity. Cobalt pyridine thiocyanate is a useful temperature indicating salt. A conductive paste for painting on ceramics and glass is composed of cobalt oxide (62). 

Fig. 3 shows an idealised solar collector (generator) containing adsorbent which is connected to a condenser that rejects heat to the environment and an insulated box containing a liquid receiver and a flooded evaporator. Fig. 4 shows the p-T-x (pressure - temperature - concentration or Clapeyron diagram) for the adsorbent-adsorbate pair with typical temperatures. 

The rate at which refrigerant is desorbed is limited by heat transfer both into the adsorbent and out of the condenser. The minimum concentration of refrigerant in the generator / solar collector will be reached at some time during the day when the it achieves its maximum temperature. The receiver will contain its maximum quantity of liquid refrigerant at this time. 

Square feet of solar collector fabricated in 1989/square feet of solar collector fabricated in 1988. 

Shakerin, S. (1987). Wind-Related Heat Transfer Coefficient for Flat-Plate Solar Collectors. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109 108-110. 

Figure 10.8 Design of a fluorescent dye-based solar collector...

Solar cells, 22 220, 9 729, 23 32. See also Photovoltaic (PV) cells antimony compounds, 3 53-54 dye-sensitized, 26 878 degradation of, 22 139 economics of, 22 140 efficiency of, 23 15 for electricity generation, 23 26 hydrogenated amorphous silicon in, 22 135, 136, 138-139 materials for, 23 14-15 micromorph, 22 140 polymethine dyes in, 20 516-517 silicon for, 22 507-508 silicon purification for, 22 496 stacking, 23 38-39 vitreous silica in, 22 444 Solar collectors, 23 25 Solar constant, 23 2 Solar control coatings, 23 16 Solar desalination, 26 89-94 Solar electricity, 23 51, 52 Solar energy... 

But, the sun s energy can be harnessed in various ways. Buildings can capture and retain the sun s warmth using passive solar heating. Solar collectors or panels can be added to buildings to generate power. 

Solar energy can be used to warm heat pump source water. In this system solar collectors are mounted on a large, insulated water tank where the warmed water is stored. Most of the heat is collected in the summer for use during the winter. In the winter, the hot water can be used directly for space heating until it cools to about 85 to 90°F. The remaining heat can be removed and concentrated by a centralized heat pump. 

Another advantage is that waste heat is re-radiated back into space, instead of warming the biosphere as occurs with conventional sources. Some energy is lost in transmitting power to stations on the Earth, but this would not offset the advantages of an orbiting solar power station over ground based solar collectors. 

A solar power satellite in orbit uses microwave power transmission to beam solar power to a very large antenna on Earth. The system consists of three parts a solar collector, made up of solar cells and a microwave antenna on the satellite, aimed at the Earth antenna to collect the power. The Earth-based receiver antenna called a rectenna would consist of a series of short dipole antennas. 

Although the advantage of placing the solar collectors in space is an unobstructed view of the Sun, the costs of construction are very high, and SPS may not be able to compete with conventional sources unless lower launch costs can be achieved, or unless a space-based manufacturing industry develops and they can be built in orbit from off-Earth materials. 

Solar collectors (hot water, space heating) 105GWth... 

Hydrogen is of interest as a means to deliver gaseous fuel from non-fossil primary energy resources such as nuclear reactors, or high temperature solar collectors. It is believed that hydrogen may phase into the energy market at such a time when fossil-based fuels either become too expensive or environmentally unsatisfactory. Hydrogen and biomass are the only two potentially visible options at the present time for the gas industry if that does take place. 

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