Commercial facilities

Commercial Facilities Using Coal as a Chemical Feedstock... 

Unfortunately, at many smaller industrial and commercial facilities, the viewpoint that specifying and installing more than the absolute minimum external capital equipment provides a good return via reduced preventative maintenance and boiler operational benefits is not... 

The ASME Consensus was prepared by a subgroup of the Research and Technology Committee on Steam and Water in Thermal Power Stations, and this background is evident in the perspective of the guidelines. These tables primarily cover industrial and marine boilers, with five of the six tables assuming that a deaerator is in service (which is unlikely to be the case in most small industrial and commercial facilities). Certain types of boiler are not covered these are ... 

Low level waste from commercial facilities is buried on site. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has projected the activities and volumes of low level radioactive waste from all sources buried at commercial sites to the year 2000 using information from the Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory (INEEL) waste retrieval project and assuming that the waste disposal practices then used would continue into the future. The 20-year decayed 241Am and 243Am concentrations were estimated to be 380 and 230 pCi/m3 (14 and 8.5 Bq/m3), respectively (Kennedy et al. 1985). 

Table 6. Representative Capacitance Values for Typical Components in a Plant or Commercial Facility Handling Powders (Eichel, 1967)...

After the Second World War a gas-to-liquids facility that employed an iron-based high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (Fe-HTFT) process was constructed at Brownsville, Texas. The technology was developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.,20 and the commercial facility was operated by the Carthage Hydrocol Company. The Hydrocol plant was in commercial operation during the period 1951-1957, and it was shut down mainly for economic reasons (the oil price was around US 2 per barrel at that time). 

Depending on the winter climate, the heat source can be a lake, reservoir, underground storage tank, aquifer (underground river or lake), solar-heated water, sewage or waste water, geothermal energy or waste heat from industrial or commercial facilities. 

All of the process streams that could be treated offsite have compositions similar to waste streams routinely treated by commercial industrial waste treatment facilities. Thus, they could be transported by standard commercial conveyance to commercial facilities that are appropriately permitted to receive the waste. 

Owner sold property being relocated HARVEY, LA COMMERCIAL FACILITY 3/13/99 6,823 1,185.1... 

Figure 1 shows the evolution of AD commercial facilities referenced worldwide in 1999 [36]. As it can be observed, the number of AD processes has... 

The United States has two commercial facilities that convert coal to fuels or chemicals via a syngas intermediate. The Great Plains Synfuels... 

SEMATECH estimated that the 5-year cost of operation for the prototype unit abating four-chamber exhausts containing PECs was 83,000/ year based on an 83% TPU operation while the commercial TPU cost of operation was 77,000/ year based on 100% TPU operation. The scrubber s once-through waster usage of 8 gal/min represents the major utility cost. It was assumed that a commercial facility would have lower electrical costs by eliminating the booster pump and extra sump pump (D17789D, pp. 9, 44). Table 1 discusses the annual utility costs associated with the industrial unit. 

Sensitivity studies have shown that costs are likely to be contaminant specific and depend on plant size and location. The design of a commercial facility has not been finalized. Solar collectors are the largest cost component of solar detoxification systems, and some research indicates that a one-sun system (in a one-sun system, solar energy is not concentrated by reflectors or solar panels) that does not use a solar collector may be more efficient in accessing diffuse ultraviolet light. Another design concern that may impact process costs is the use of a fixed catalyst versus a slurry feed (D12953N, pp.190-203). 

PEAT has constructed the pilot-scale TDR facility in Alabama and a commercial facility in Virginia. The TDR technology is patented and commercially available. 

In 1990, Thomason estimated the cost of operating a SCWO facility based on results of MODAR pilot-scale studies and plans for a commercial facility. The primary factors influencing costs of a SCWO unit were the treatment capacity of the facility and the organics concentration of the feed material (D11985R, p. 41). MODAR technology was recently acquired by General Atomics. 

The VerTech technology was first marketed in North America by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. The first commercial facility began operation in 1994. The technology is no longer available through Air Products and Chemical, Inc. All information provided is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

In the recent past new commercial facilities have been built using magnesium nitrate in extractive distillation to produce concentrated nitric acid from AOP acid. To the author s knowledge no new commercial facilities have been built using sulfuric acid as the extractive agent for concentrating AOP acid. New facilities generally use sulfuric acid to concentrate spent nitration acids only if they already contain sulfuric acid. 

The Department collected data on treatment of the aqueous wastes with metals from six major sources the Department s analysis of samples collected from operating facilities, responses from the Department s Industry Survey, EPA evaluation of commercial facilities, EPA s pilot test evaluations, EPA s Development Documents for Effluent Limitations Guidelines, and the literature. Table 2 summarizes information on the treatment data sources used for the treatment levels calculations. 

Developments Outside Germany, In the late 1930s experimental work in England (29—31) led to the erection of large pilot facilities for Fischer-Tropsch studies (32). In France, a commercial facility near Calais produced ca 150 m3 (940 bbl) of liquid hydrocarbons per day. In Japan, two full-scale plants were also operated under Ruhrchemie license. Combined capacity was ca 400 m3 (2500 bbl) of liquids per day. 

Only Japan and the United States have significant commercial facilities for the production of poly(ethylene oxide) resins. In Japan, Meisei Chemical Works Ltd. produces Alkox and Sumitomo Seika Kagaky Co., Ltd., PEO. In the United States, Union Carbide Corp. produces Polyox. Precise figures have not been released on capacities or annual production. 

They provide enhanced removal and kill of microorganisms, a critical property in many applications involving sanitation of commercial facilities. 

The most frequent targets of criminal bombers are residences, commercial facilities and vehicles. Together these account for over one-half of all the targets... 

Researchers returned to the oxidation of ammonia in air, (recorded as early as 1798) in an effort to improve production economics. In 1901 Wilhelm Ostwald had first achieved the catalytic oxidation of ammonia over a platinum catalyst. The gaseous nitrogen oxides produced could be easily cooled and dissolved in water to produce a solution of nitric acid. This achievement began the search for an economic process route. By 1908 the first commercial facility for production of nitric acid, using this new catalytic oxidation process, was commissioned near Bochum in Germany. The Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process came into operation in 1913, leading to the continued development and assured future of the ammonia oxidation process for the production of nitric acid. 

Why is an understanding of the transient phenomenon important Large electromagnetic devices such as transformers and motors are practically impervious to the effects of transients. Problems arise because of the sensitivity of the microelectronic devices and circuits that make up the control elements of the power system. The microprocess controller is the nerve center of every present-day manufacturing or commercial facility. Medical electronic instruments used in healthcare facilities are becoming more sophisticated and at the same time increasingly susceptible to... 

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