Component costing case studies

Insert into Lamp Body Run down Screw 

PART No. ID PART DESCRIPTION MATERIAL PRIMARY PROCESS SHAPE COMP. Volume (mm3) Cmt Wc Cc Cmp Section Cs In S ct Surface Finish (fim Ra) Cf Cft  

A3 CLIP STAINLESS STEEL SHEET METAL-WORK 1.4  

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The case studies that follow have mainly come from live product development projects in industry. Whilst not all case studies require the methodology to predict an absolute capability, a common way of applying CA is by evaluating and comparing a number of design schemes and selecting the one with the most acceptable performance measure, either estimated Cp, assembly risk or failure cost. In some cases, commercial confidence precludes the inclusion of detailed drawings of the components used in the analyses. CA has been used in industry in a number of different ways. Some of these are discussed below ... 

As for all case studies presented in this chapter, information on power component costs was drawn from RETScreen database (National Resources Canada, 1998). In more detail for photovoltaic panels a cost of 6750 /kW was used, resulting in a total acquisition cost of 67,500 . A capital cost of 450 /kW was used for the 35-kW diesel generator, which accounts in total for a cost of 15,750 . The total cost of the battery bank was considered equal to 17,600 . Finally, the total cost of the inverters installed in the system was 6700 . Lifetime, O M costs and power... 

This case study involves the recovery of highly valued and high demand ethylbenzene (EB) and mixed-xylenes (comprising of p-xylene (PX), m-xylene (MX) and o-xylene (OX)) from a C8-aromatics mixture (C8A). As point out above, C8A is isomers mixture, so their separation (recovery) is not simple, that why there is only one commercial process of liquid-phase adsorptive separation available for EB recovery from C8A. [8] However, this process requires high investment cost and generates huge volume of waste adsorbent that may become an environmental problem. Therefore, another green process should be considered for the EB purification. The ratio of various properties of the key components (EB and PX) were tested to examine the possibly alternatives. The result showed, by vapor pressure ratio, the solvent-based extractive distillation can be employed for their purification. [7]... 

At the time of writing, no general comparison is available yet regarding the performance of batch chromatography relative to continuous separation processes. Some case studies have compared the performance of the two modes for specific separations. The specific results depend much on the adsorption isotherms of the components to be separated, on the relative importance of the different cost con-... 

Attempts have been made to replace the components with new electrode materials, alternative sensitizers and different types of electrolytes. In most cases studies were aimed at achieving advanced properties and applying DSSC in order to meet the requirements of commercial applications and/or to reduce the production cost. An important issue in cost reduction is the fabrication of DSSC on flexible, transparent, conductive plastic substrates [190-192]. The nanocrystalline Ti02 film is considered to be the most promising material for the electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells to generate high performance [193-195]. 

The case study refers to a tumfahle (Fig.l), a simple mechanical system that is ideal for testing the new methodology as it is widely known and many information exists about components rehabihty, costs and environmental influence. Even more, this equipment presents mechanical, electrical and electronic elements altogether. 

ABSTRACT This paper describes a quantitative approach to analyses of ageing systems or systems with some ageing components. The main purpose of such analyses should be to provide decision support with respect to some maintenance action in order to keep the ageing system in operation for the desired amount of time in the future in a cost optimal way. Various issues related to ageing are discussed and how the physical aspects can be expressed by an analytical model. It is explained how a model can be built in order to quantify the difference between various relevant upgrade scenarios and a real-life case study is provided as an example. 

The chapter introduces the main components of RFID technology that includes transponders, readers, middleware, and labels. The authors discuss applications and benefits of RFID and its adoption challenges such as security, privacy, cost, scalability, and deplo5mient. Some successful RFID deployment case studies are described. A comprehensive list of RFID vendors and in-depth technical details of RFID technologies are also provided. 

As we have already emphasised, the sensitivity of PI unit operations to contaminants within process steams - such as particulates causing fouling, blockage or corrosive fluids - so the use of PI for effluent treatment has to take into account the fact that many effluents are, by their nature, foul . Obviously care can be taken in the selection of appropriate components for effluent treatment, and a major opportunity for PI is that it can be used as the basis for compact, reduced capital cost and energy-efficient effluent treatment plant. An early UK case study undertaken in the 1990s illustrates the benefits that could accrue to the use of PI in effluent treatment. 

Much more difficult is the situation in the case of a nonlinear objective function of the type (12.2.3). Numerous case studies have shown that the optimum solution according to the objective function (12.2.2), i.e. optimisation as the cost of the measurement concerns, yields a solution that is unacceptable from the point of view of the precision of results. It means that the solution with minimum costs is, at the same time, the solution with some unmeasured quantities that are theoretically observable, but with unacceptably low precision (for example, the confidence interval wider than the value of the quantity). In this case, the following optimisation method can be recommended. The method is analogous to the direct search in graphs that proved efficient for optimisation of measurement designs in single-component mass balancing see Subsection 12.1.2. 

This case study is a reactor-separator-recycle system to produce monochlorobenzene. The operating parameters and sizes for one of the synthesis alternatives are optimised using the detailed models and the costing information provided. Each unit has a capital cost, Cc, and an operating cost, Q, which is incorporated into the objective function through a pay out time of 2.5 years. The principal units are a CSTR and two separation columns. The models have been reformulated in terms of component flowrates, Fsj. The reactor is a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) which models the reaction between chlorine and benzene (A) to produce monochlorobenzene ( B) and dichlorobenzene (C) at a constant temperature. The maximum (global) profit is 2081/day. 

The method of treatment depends on economic considerations and the degree of treatment required. The best alternative system for pollutant removal must be selected on the basis of a case-by-case study of efficiency and actual costs. It must be recognized that a complete system may involve several unit components and that pretreatment is required before tertiary treatment. 

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