Contraception birth-control pills

Oral contraceptives Birth control pills contain varying amounts of estrogens and proges-terones. In excessive amounts these may cause stomach upset, and in females (even prepubertal) may cause transient vaginal spotting. Some formulations may contain iron. 

Gynecology. In an office setting, gynecologists offer contraceptive (birth control) advice and modalities. Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and intrauterine devices (lUDs) are popular methods for preventing pregnancy. Gynecologists can also advise patients in regard to other contraceptive methods. 

Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)—The full details... 

Women prescribed ampicillin, bacampicillin, and penicillin V who take birth control pills containing estrogen should use additional contraception measures. 

Effective forms of contraception include both primary and secondary forms of contraception. Primary forms of contraception include Tubal ligation, partner s vasectomy, intrauterine devices, birth control pills, and... 

NS normal saline NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug NSCLC non small cell lung cancer NSS normal saline solution NYHA New York Heart Association OAB overactive bladder OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder OCP oral contraceptive pill (birth control pills)... 

Barbiturates may counteract the effects of birth control pills that contain estrogen. A woman taking those oral contraceptives may become pregnant after taking barbiturates. 

As indicated earlier, plant products can be useful as starting materials for the semisynthetic preparation of other drugs. An important example in this regard is the Mexican yam, which produces a steroid precursor (diosgenin) vital to the synthesis of steroidal hormones used in oral contraceptives (i.e., progesterone). The availability of diosgenin eliminates numerous expensive steps in the organic synthesis of the basic steroid molecule. It was this discovery that contributed to the development of the pharmaceutical company Syntex (now a subsidiary of Hoffman LaRoche) and the development of the first birth control pill. 

Stroke is a very uncommon event in childbearing women, occurring in approximately 11 per 100,000 women over a 1-year period of time. Therefore, even a doubling of this risk with oral contraceptive pills would have minimal effect on attributable risk. The estimated risk of myocardial infarction associated with oral contraceptive pill use in nonsmokers is 3 per million women over 1 year. The estimated risk of venous thromboembolism attributable to oral contraceptive pills is less than 3 per 10,000 women per year. However, the risk may be increased in women who smoke or have other predisposing factors to thrombosis or thromboembolism. In fact, it should be emphasized that the risk of serious cardiovascular side effects is particularly marked in women over 35 years of age who are heavy smokers (e.g., more than 15 cigarettes per day). Additionally, the literature suggests that there may be an increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term oral contraceptive pill use in women under the age of 35. However, because the incidence of breast cancer is so relatively low in this population, the attributable risk of breast cancer from birth control pill use is small. 

In addition to the many hundreds of steroids isolated from plants and animals, thousands more have been synthesized in pharmaceutical laboratories in a search for new drugs. Among the best-known synthetic steroids are the oral contraceptives and anabolic agents. Most birth-control pills are a mixture of two compounds, a synthetic estrogen, such as ethynylestradiol, and a synthetic progestin, such as norethindrone. Anabolic steroids, such as stanozolol and methandrostenolone (Dianabol), are synthetic androgens that mimic the tissue-building effects of natural testosterone. 

The first birth control pill became available in the early 1960s, and since that time the pill has had a profound impact on our culture. It is no accident that the so-called sexual revolution of the late 1960s coincided with the widespread availability of the pill. About 11.5 million women in the United States use the birth control pill, making it the most widely used form of contraception (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006). 

When considering contraception controversies and in particular the potential side effects of birth control pills and other methods of contraception, one must keep things in pcnspective. Although risks are associated with use of the pill, they are lower than the risks involved in pregnancy and delivery. 

The patient was basically amenorrheic, having only 1 or 2 menses a year. She also experienced mild constipation, frequent gas and bloating, acne, and increasing facial hair. Oral contraceptives had been used in the past and were effective in inducing regular menstrual cycles, but amenorrhea returned as soon as they were discontinued. Birth control pills also made the acne and digestive complaints worse and obviously were not an option for promoting fertility. 

The female client should use a nonhor-monal method of contraception because birth control pills interact with the tetracycline and the client will be unprotected from pregnancy. 

The Pill (Carl Djerassi) The birth-control pill, which becomes the world s most popular and is possibly most widely used contraceptive, revolutionizes not only medicine but also gender relations and women s status in society. Its prolonged use is later revealed to have health consequences. 

Birth-control pills (oral contraceptives).—These agents may provoke elevated blood levels of insulin," a condition which is known to favor the development of obesity. 

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