Cardiovascular disease mortality

The a-tocopherol, P-carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention study was a randomised-controlled trial that tested the effects of daily doses of either 50 mg (50 lU) vitamin E (all-racemic a-tocopherol acetate), or 20 mg of P-carotene, or both with that of a placebo, in a population of more than 29,000 male smokers for 5-8 years. No reduction in lung cancer or major coronary events was observed with any of the treatments. What was more startling was the unexpected increases in risk of death from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease with P-carotene supplementation (ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group, 1994). Increases in the risk of both lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality were also observed in the P-carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), which tested the effects of combined treatment with 30 mg/d P-carotene and retinyl pahnitate (25,000 lU/d) in 18,000 men and women with a history of cigarette smoking or occupational exposure to asbestos (Hennekens et al, 1996). 

Goodman GE, Thomquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Meyskens FL, Omenn GS, Valanis B and Williams JH. 2004. The (1-carotene and retinol efficacy trial incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping (5-carotene and retinol supplements. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(23) 1743—1750. 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Cancer Institute. 1981. Summary. Workshop of Cholesterol and Non-Cardiovascular Disease Mortality, May 11-12. Bethesda, Md. 

Cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in developed countries. Studies relating the intake of dietary flavonoids to risk of cardiovascular disease (mortality from coronary heart disease, incidence of... 

Mink, PJ. et al., Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality A prospective study in postmenopausal women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85, 895, 2007. 

What about hypertensive patients specifically While most studies in the medical literature have been done with patients who have a variety of levels of blood pressure, rather than focusing on hypertensive individuals, it appears that alcohol s benefits extend to the latter as well. A 2004 study, for example, showed that light to moderate alcohol intake appears to be associated with reduced cardiovascular disease mortality, from both heart attacks and strokes. That research was also conducted with physicians in the Harvard University study. 

Cardiovascular disease mortality, accounting for 50% of all deaths in ESRD, is defined by death caused by arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic heart disease, and pulmonary edema. Patients with ESRD should be considered in the highest risk group for subsequent cardiovascular events. Among dialysis patients, the prevalence of congestive heart failure is approximately 40%. Both coronary artery disease and LVH are risk factors for the development of heart failure. In practice, it is difficult to determine whether cardiac failure reflects left ventricular dysfunction or extracellular fluid volume overload. 

Figure 45- i 9 Cardiovascular disease mortality defined by death caused by arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic heart disease, and pulmonary edema in the general population (GP). Data from NCHS multiple cause of mortality data files compared with ESRD treated by dialysis. Data are stratified by age, race, and gender. (From Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am j Kidney Dis 1998 32 (suppi 3) SI 12-19, w/th permission from the National Kidney Foundation.)... 

A. G. Bostom, H. Silbershatz, I. H. Rosenberg, et al. Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine levels and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in elderly Framingham men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine 159, 1077(1999). 

Austin MA, McKnight B, Edwards KL, et al. Cardiovascular disease mortality in familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia A 20-year prospective study. Circulation 2000 101 2777-2782. 

Warensjo et al [110] showed that PA, but not stearic acid, was significantly associated with increased mortality, especially cardiovascular disease mortality. This is in line with... 

Adverse cardiovascular effects of concern include increased blood pressure at BLLs under 10 pg/dL and increased cardiovascular-disease mortality at BLLs of 8 pg/dL or higher. A relationship between BLLs under 40 pg/dL and cardiovascular mortality and some subclinical cardiovascular outcomes has also been observed in older and other susceptible subpopulations. 

Kelly DL, McMahon RP, Liu F, Love RC, Wehring HJ, Shim JC, Wanen KR, Conley RR. Cardiovascular disease mortality in patients with chronic schizophrenia treated with clozapine a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 2010 71 304-11. 

Ginde, A. A., Scragg, R., Schwartz, R. S., Camargo, C. A., Jr. 2009c. Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and aU-cause mortality in older U.S. adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 57 1595-603. 

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