Heat treatments organic acids combined with

A heat treatment, combined with organic acid treatment, is a method described as a solution for the control of Salmonella in pig feed. Pathways of production may follow different procedures (Sauli et al., 2005). One such production system in Switzerland has been described and consists of eight pathways followed in feed manufacturing (Table 3.5). 

An important distinction between phosphoric acid activation (to produce a carbon) and the chemical modification of wood by phosphoric acid (fire retardants) is that, in the former case (the commercial case), phosphoric acid is removed after reaction by leaching to recover the reagent and heat treatment is then continued. For this reason, the phosphorous content of the recovered carbons only indicates the amount of residual material that is present, either combined with the organic structure, in the form of insoluble metal phosphates, or physically entrapped. 

Boron trifluoride catalyst may be recovered by distillation, chemical reactions, or a combination of these methods. Ammonia or amines are frequently added to the spent catalyst to form stable coordination compounds that can be separated from the reaction products. Subsequent treatment with sulfuric acid releases boron trifluoride. An organic compound may be added that forms an adduct more stable than that formed by the desired product and boron trifluoride. In another procedure, a fluoride is added to the reaction products to precipitate the boron trifluoride which is then released by heating. Selective solvents may also be employed in recovery procedures (see Catalysts,regeneration). 

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