Coining

Type C. Component 1 is only partially miscible with coin -ponents 3 through m, but it is totally miscible with component 2. Components 2 through m are miscible with each other in all proportions. Again, both binary data and ternary tie-line data are needed ... 

Today the coin-tap test is a widely used technique on wind turbine rotor blades for inspection of thin GFRP laminates for disbonded and delaminated areas. However, since the sensitivity of this technique depends not only on the operator but also on the thickness of the inspected component, the coin-tap testing technique is most sensitive to defects positioned near the surface of the laminate. Therefore, there has been an increasing demand for alternative non-destmctive testing techniques which is less operator dependent and also more sensitive to delaminations and disbonded areas situated beyond thicker GFRP-laminates. 

A definition of catalysis similar to that given above was stated first in about 1895 by Wilhelm Ostwald, whose work on catalysis was recognized with a Nobel prize. Sixty years before, Jakob Berzelius had coined the tenn... 

As a consequence of this observation, the essential dynamics of the molecular process could as well be modelled by probabilities describing mean durations of stay within different conformations of the system. This idea is not new, cf. [10]. Even the phrase essential dynamics has already been coined in [2] it has been chosen for the reformulation of molecular motion in terms of its almost invariant degrees of freedom. But unlike the former approaches, which aim in the same direction, we herein advocate a different line of method we suggest to directly attack the computation of the conformations and their stability time spans, which means some global approach clearly differing from any kind of statistical analysis based on long term trajectories. 

The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron s alloys -- brass and bronze --are very important all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper. 

Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan. 

Hydrocarbons are divided into two mam classes aliphatic and aromatic This classifi cation dates from the nineteenth century when organic chemistry was devoted almost entirely to the study of materials from natural sources and terms were coined that reflected a substance s origin Two sources were fats and oils and the word aliphatic was derived from the Greek word aleiphar meaning ( fat ) Aromatic hydrocarbons irre spective of their own odor were typically obtained by chemical treatment of pleasant smelling plant extracts... 

The term regioselective was coined by Alfred Hassner then at the University of Col orado in a paper published in the Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1968... 

Allyl IS derived from the botanical name for garlic Allium sativum) It was found in 1892 that the major component obtained by distilling garlic oil is H2C=CHCH2SSCH2CH=CH2 and the word a//y/was coined for the H2C=CHCH2— group on the basis of this origin... 

The general term annulene has been coined to apply to completely conjugated mono cyclic hydrocarbons with more than six carbons Cyclobutadiene and benzene retain then-names but higher members of the group are named [jcjannulene where x is the number of carbons m the ring Thus cyclooctatetraene becomes [8]annulene cyclodecapentaene becomes [10] annulene and so on... 

The terms green chemistry and environmentally benign synthesis have been coined to refer to procedures explicitly designed to minimize the for mation of byproducts that present disposal problems Both the National Science Foundation and the Envi ronmental Protection Agency have allocated a por tion of their grant budgets to encourage efforts m this vein... 

Our word vitamin was coined m 1912 m the belief that the substances present m the diet that prevented scurvy pellagra beriberi rickets and other diseases were vital amines In many cases that belief was confirmed certain vitamins did prove to be amines In many other cases however vitamins were not amines Nevertheless the name vitamin entered our language and stands as a reminder that early chemists recognized the crucial place occupied by amines m biological processes... 

The name ubiquinone is a shortened form of ubiquitous quinone a term coined to describe the observation that this substance can be found m all cells The length of its side chain varies among different organisms the most common form m vertebrates has n = 10 and ubiquinones m which n = 6 to 9 are found m yeasts and plants... 

In the absence of any external influence such as a catalyst which is biased in favor of one configuration over the other, we might expect structures [VIII] and [IX] to occur at random with equal probability as if the configuration at each successive addition were determined by the toss of a coin. Such, indeed, is the ordinary case. However, in the early 1950s, stereospecific catalysts were discovered Ziegler and Natta received the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1963. 

The probability calculated so far is too low because it describes one specific sequence of heads and tails. From the point of view of net displacement, the sequence does not matter. Hence the above results must be multiplied by the number of different ways this outcome can arise. Instead of tossing one coin n times, we could toss n coins drawn at random from a piggy bank. For the first, we have a choice of n to draw from for the second, n - 1 for the third, n - 2, and so on. The total possible ways the toss could be carried out is given by the product of these different choices, that is by n ... 

Statistical considerations make it possible to test the assumption of independent additions. Let us approach this topic by considering an easier problem coin tossing. Under conditions where two events are purely random-as in tossing a fair coin-the probability of a specific sequence of outcomes is given by the product of the probabilities of the individual events. The probability of tossing a head followed by a head-indicated HH-is given by... 

This procedure is readily extended to three tosses. For a fair coin the probability of three heads is the cube of the probability of tossing a single head ... 

If the coin is biased, conditional probabilities must be introduced Phhh Ph/hhPh/hPh... 

If we were testing whether a coin were biased or not, we would use ideas like these as the basis for a test. We could count, for example, HHH and HH sequences and divide them according to Eq. (7.48). If Ph/hh Ph would be suspicious ... 

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