Resolution coins

Fig. 3.24 Left. Energy resolution of the silicon-drift-detectors (SDD) at 5.9 keV ( Fe radioactive source) as a function of temperature. Middle-. One segment (out of four) of SDDs composed of two individual chips with front-end electronics. The dimensions of the A1 housing are cm x 4 cm x 7 cm. In the center the opening of the radiation collimator can be seen. Right MIMOS IIA SDD segment (1/4 of the complete detector ring a 10 -cent coin is shown for comparison)...

There are many other advantages with pulsed FT systems in that we can create trains of pulses to make the nuclei perform dances which allow them to reveal more information about their environment. Ray Freeman coined the rather nice term spin choreography to describe the design of pulse sequences. If you are interested in this area, you could do much worse than listen to Ray explain some of these concepts or read his book Spin Choreography Basic Steps in High Resolution NMR (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-850481-0) ... 

Scalemic Compounds existing as a mixture of two enantiomers in which one is in excess. The term was coined in recognition of the fact that most syntheses or resolutions do not yield 100% of one enantiomer. 

Bouteille M, Dupuy-Coin AM, Moyne G. Techniques of localization of proteins and nucleoproteins in the cell nucleus by high resolution autoradiography and cytochemistry, in Methods in Enzymology (O Malley BW, Hardman JG, eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1975, pp. 3-41. 

Tor additional details on guiding principles involved in coining USAN for antibodies, please see World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution 4619. 

Hand-held portable XRFs, such as the one used for analyzing our coins, have improved considerably over the last few years. The quality of the instruments and their accuracy has increased and has become quite reliable. The development and commercialization of small XRF devices was, until recently, limited by the poor energy resolution of the detectors and by problems associated with transportation of radioisotopic X-ray sources (5,6). These shortcomings have now been overcome due to the development of thermo-electrically cooled detectors with improved energy resolution and the production of small dedicated X-ray tubes with good stability (7). This offers the ability to analyze elements from Ti(Z=22) to U(Z=92). 

Volume holograms have been produced using MB/TEOA coin-initiated polymerization of acrylamide (90). These compositions have successfully recorded and reproduced digital information from laser output, but at a low signal to noise ratio (14 dB). The scattering efficiency was, however, quite high for these systems (-65%) and the resolution obtained was near 1500 lines/ mm (90). 

Once optical resolution is achieved, measurements of the ease of racemization can provide a qualitative picture of the severity of the molecular distortion. Bell and Waring (1949), who coined the phrase molecular overcrowding , were able to detect mutarotation in solutions of the morphine salt of 3,4,-5,6-dibenzophenanthrene-9,10-dicarboxylic... 

MAS is normally applied concurrently with the dipole line-narrowing methods in order to eliminate the effects of CSA and provide true high resolution NMR spectra in the solid phase. For heteronuclear systems the combined method is usually referred to by the initials CP-MAS, and for homonuclear systems the acronym CRAMPS (combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy) has been coined. 

A more recently developed force measurement technique, coined the liquid siu-face force apparatus (LSFA), brings a drop made from a micropipette close to a flat liquid/liquid interface [29-32]. A piezo electric drive is used to change the position of the micropipette while the deflection of the pipette and the radius of the drop are recorded with piezo motion. The drop radius and thus the film thickness between the two liquid/liquid interfaces are recorded using interferometry. The method requires a calibration of the interferometer, where the drop must come into contact with the other liquid interface. The distance resolution of the film is about 1 nm at a 50-nm separation and 5 nm at a separation of 10 nm. This is a very robust technique where the authors have proposed attaching a particle to the end of the pipette instead of a drop [29]. In comparing this method to AFM, the only drawback of the LSFA is the weaker distance resolution. It is important point out that both methods required a contact point for distance calibration. 

Ugi has coined the term stereorelating synthesis for the sequence lithiation/reac-tion with electrophiles [62,118], and used this technique as a method for the chemical correlation of the structure and for the determination of the enantiomeric purity of many 1,2-disubstituted ferrocene derivatives obtained either by resolution or by asymmetric synthesis (for a compilation, see [118]). It is important to note that all stereochemical features discussed above for central chiral compounds, such as retentive nucleophilic substitution, remain valid when more substituents are present at the ferrocene ring and the conversion of functional groups in planar chiral ferrocenes can be achieved by the same methods as described. 

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