Laser coined

The term reverse phase protein microarray was first coined in 2001 by Paweletz et al. (5) in the landmark paper which introduced the platform and demonstrated its utility for analyzing proteins derived from laser capture microdissected (LCM) prostate cancer. RPMAs have also been referred to by other names in the literature including lysate arrays, reverse phase lysate arrays, protein microarrays, and reverse phase protein arrays (6). A very nice historical perspective on the development of RPJMA technology is presented in a review by Mueller et al. (6). A detailed description of the methods for performing RPMA is beyond the scope of this chapter and would be redundant because there are... 

The advent of the laser has stimulated new research in collisional physics. The term laser-assisted collision was coined to describe the various research activities that have evolved. These studies are concerned with electronic transitions in supermolecules and will be briefly considered here. Similarities between laser-assisted collisions (LAC) and collision-induced absorption (CIA) exist, both in the types of phenomena considered and in the calculations of the spectra [208]. 

Cooking and eating in ancient Mesoamerican plazas, 210-230 Copper alloy artifacts, applications of laser ablation ICP-MS, 336-348 Copper-based coins from Song dynasty, EDXRF chemical composition determination, 231-245... 

Volume holograms have been produced using MB/TEOA coin-initiated polymerization of acrylamide (90). These compositions have successfully recorded and reproduced digital information from laser output, but at a low signal to noise ratio (14 dB). The scattering efficiency was, however, quite high for these systems (-65%) and the resolution obtained was near 1500 lines/ mm (90). 

Introduction of ionization of protein molecules by soft laser desorption, which is basic theory for MALDI-TOF MS and SELDI-TOF MS 1995 Definition of proteomics was first coined... 

The phrase shelved-electron appears to have been coined by Dehmelt in a suggestion to make observable very weak transitions. The idea is as follows. Consider a 3 level atom or ion with states 0>, 1> and 2> where 0> represents the ground state. The transition 0> " 1> is strongly driven by a laser field and emits a stream of photons with an appropriate decay constant r. This represents the allowed transition the transition 0> 2> is on the other hand forbidden and is therefore only weakly driven. If, however, the atom or ion makes the transition to state 2> the stream of photons from 1> to 0> will be switched off until the atom is returned to its ground state. A simple theoretical analysis of this process has been given by Cook and KimbleC55] who used a rate equation approach. They deduce that the probability density for the off-periods is... 

Desorption/ionization on silicon. Another matrix-free approach for the analysis of small molecules is to use modified porous silicon surfaces [61]. A separate name, desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), has been coined for this technique [62]. In this approach, the sample is dispensed directly onto a modified porous silicon surface (e.g., silylated porous silicon) and laser-desorbed from the surface. The silicon surface is prepared from flat crystalline silicon by galvanostatic etching. 

As discussed above, every laser exposure of a sample leads to the removal of a bulk volume - that is, many monolayers of matrix molecules of the sample. The term desorption is, therefore, somewhat ill-chosen for this process, and was so even for the field desorption for which it was originally coined. Ablation (removal of bulk material from surfaces) is the more specific term, and is used interchangeably with desorption throughout this chapter. The processes of material ablahon and the ionizahon of a minor fraction of the matrix and analyte molecules are, no doubt, intimately intertwined, and both take place on a micrometer geometric and a nanosecond time scale. It is experimentally very difficult - if not impossible - to sort out the complex contributions of the physical processes induced by the laser irradiation in all detail. Despite this complexity, it is of considerable merit to treat the ablation and ionization mechanisms separately. From such a discussion, some basic understanding can be derived, particularly, because the vast majority of the ablated material comes off neutral. 

Corrtinuous-wave (cw) dye lasers, ptrmped by continuous output lasers, take advarrtage of the efficient spectral narrowing that occurs in a (tye laser when a dispersive element is added to the feedback cavity for wavelength control. In the first observation of this effecL a diffraction grating was substituted for an end minor in an early pulsed (tye laser. The term spectral condensation was coined to... 

The resmgence of interest in the concept that began in the mid-1970s followed two paths. The term free-electron laser was coined in 1975 by John Madey to describe an experiment at Stanford University that used an electron beam from a radio-frequency hnear accelerator (rf linac). This experiment produced stimulated emission in the infrared spectrum at a wavelength of 10.6 /um using an electron beam from a radio-frequency hnear accelerator (rf Unac). 

Talib, D., Ma, R., McLeod, C.W., Green, D. (2004) Multielement analysis of modern and ancient coins using diamond lapping film and laser ablation ICP mass spectrometry. Canadian Journal of Analytical Sciences and Spectroscopy, 49(3), 156-165. 

Pb isotopic analysis of Celtic gold coins Laser type not indicated MC-ICPMS Pb isotope ratio determination in gold coins to identify and discard possible sources T1 spike for mass discrimination correction using a desolvating nebulizer to keep the plasma dry BendaU et al. [137]... 

From an instrumental point of view, the research in years to come will be most likely linked to the new femtosecond lasers, which can offer a significantly improved performance for metallic materials, such as coins and metallic artifacts, as confirmed by the first results presented [26]. The development of the so-called direct atmospheric sampling (ablation of sample without the need to use a closed ablation cell) by Kovacs et al. is another significant development that can help in the analysis of large and precious objects [51]. 

Sarah, G., Gratuze, B., Barrandon, J.N. (2007) Application of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the investigation of ancient sUver coins. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 22,1163-1167. 

Junk, S.A. (2001) Ancient artefacts and modem analytical techniques—Usefulness of laser ablation ICR-MS demonstrated with ancient gold coins. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Sect B,181, 723-727. 

The expression frequency-offset locking was coined by Barger and Hall in 1969. Two lasers oscillate with frequencies whose difference Av may lie in the microwave region. One laser is stabilized to keep its frequency fixed, e.g., by locking it to a spectral line. One compares the difference frequency Ap with the frequency p of a radiofrequency oscillator. The frequency of the second laser can be scanned synchronously with a change of j rf via a ramp voltage proportional to Ay - which is obtained with a linear frequency-to-voltage converter. 

Fig. 14.7 a Front face PMT. The photosensitive surface, the photocathode, is at the front, at the back can be seen the pins used in the circuit to fix the dynode voltages, b A side window PMT. Here the photocathode is behind the grid towards the left centre of the device, c The thermoelectric detector element of a calorimetric laser power meter, the laser pulse is made incident on the thin black disc in the centre of the device, absorption converts the photon energy into thermal energy, which is subsequently measured using the thermoelectric effect in a thermopile immediately behind the disc. When in use the unit shown is held in a thermally isolated chamber which is screwed over the top of the detector element. The 5p UK coin, included in the middle of the photograph to give some idea of scale, has a diameter of 18 mm... 

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