Nickel in coins

The US mint continues to use cupronickel cladding, that had been used earher with few complaints of nickel dermatitis. The subject nickel in coins - past, present and future - has been reviewed by Bill Molloy at the Nickel Development Institute in Canada [31.5]... 

Bill Molloy, Trends of Nickel in Coins -Past, Present, Future. Presented at the International Nickel Study Group in Stockholm 8 November 2001. The text is available on http //www.nidi.org/index. cfm/d id/160.htm... 

A piggy bank contains 8.20 in coins. If there are an equal number of quarters, nickels, dimes, and pennies, how many of each denomination are there ... 

Skin contact with soil, water, or metals containing nickel as well as with metals plated with nickel can also result in exposure. Stainless steel and coins contain nickel. Jewelry is often plated with nickel or made from nickel alloys. Patients may be exposed to nickel in artificial body parts made from nickel-containing alloys. 

You eat about 170 micrograms (pg 1 pg = 1,000 ng) of nickel in your food every day. Foods naturally high in nickel include chocolate, soy beans, nuts, and oatmeal. Our daily intake of nickel from drinking water is only about 2 pg. We breathe in between 0.1 and 1 pg nickel/day, excluding nickel in tobacco smoke. We are exposed to nickel when we handle coins and touch other metals containing nickel. 

The general population is also exposed to nickel in nickel alloys and nickel-plated materials including steel, coins, and jewelry. Residual nickel may be present in soaps, fats, and oils hydrogenated with nickel catalysts (Sunderman 1986). 

You first determine how much money in coins you ll be getting after taking care of the 1 bills and 5 bills. Add up the total for the 1 bills and 5 bills. Then subtract the total of the bills from 200. Many different combinations of rolls of quarters and nickels add up to the amount you ll need in coins. Make a chart, putting the number of rolls of quarters in one column, its worth in the next column, the value remaining in the third column (after spending this much on the quarters), and then the number of rolls of nickels you can buy in the last column. 

Determining the amount in bills 50 x 1 = 50 and 20 x 5 = 100. The total of 150 leaves 50 in coins ( 200 - 150 = 50). In Table 9-1,1 filled in the number of rolls of quarters first. Then 1 computed the value of the quarters, leaving the amount for nickels. Finally, 1 computed the number of rolls of nickels. 

Gold possesses a unique combination of physical and optical properties. Its malleability, ductility and flexibility make it useful in industry as well as in ornamentation. As it is so soft, gold must be combined with other elements, usually silver, nickel, copper or palladium, before it can be used in coins or jewelry. Ancient gold objects may have a very high gold content because the metal was used just as it came out of the ground. 

The following table 4 gives the number of nickel and nickel-bronze coins struck since their adoption and down to 1914, in a few of the more important countries of the world ... 

Before 100 B.C., the nickel concentrations in coins usually varied within a fairly narrow range from 0.03 to 0.07% (see Figure 5). However, the two coins struck shortly after 100 B.C. are relatively high in Ni, a fact possibly indicating the that the Roman mint used a different ore source for a short period of time. Carter has reported two other periods of time (ca. 23-15 B.C. and A.D. 22-30), during which the nickel contents of Imperial coins are greater than 0.2% (1). With the two exceptions just mentioned, the... 

There are nickels in one container and pennies in another. Each container holds the same amount of money, (a) Which container holds more coins (b) In which container is each coin more valuable ... 

The United States established its first mint to make silver and gold coins in Philadelphia in 1792. Some of these old gold and silver coins have become quite valuable as collector s items. An 1804 silver dollar recently sold for more than 4 million. A silver dollar is actually 90% silver and 10% copper. Because the pure elements gold and silver are too soft to be used alone in coins, other metals are mixed with them to add strength and durability. These metals include platinum, copper, zinc, and nickel. Metals make up the majority of the elements in the periodic table. 

These metals occur in elementary form in nature and were probably the first metals known. Gold and silver arc now considered too valuable to use in coins and have been replaced by less expensive metals. Alloys of copper (e.g., the "nicker coin is composed of 75% copper and 25% nickel) arc still widely used. 

What properties of nickel and zinc make them good substitutes for copper and silver in coins ... 

Calculate the percentages of copper and nickel in that coin. A U.S. nickel is about 75% copper and 25% nickel. EXAMPLE CALCULATION... 

Today the majority of European coins are made of copper/nickel, but there are some nickel-free coins. Few coins are made of pure nickel. It was decided in 1997 that the Euro coinage shall consist of eight coins - six nickel free and two made of nickel-containing alloys (copper/nickel combined with nickel/ brass). 

Kalimo K, Lammintausta K, Jalava J, Niskanen T (1997) Is it possible to improve the prognosis in nickel contact dermatitis Contact Dermatitis 37 121-124 Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R (1993) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in bartender s metallic measuring cup. Am J Contact Dermatitis 4 39-41 Kanerva L, Kiilunen M, Jolanki R, et al. (1997) Hand dermatitis and allergic patch test reactions caused by nickel in electroplaters. Contact Dermatitis 36 137-140 Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R (1998) Bank clerk s occupational allergic nickel and cobalt contact dermatitis from coins. Contact Dermatitis 38 217-218 Katsarou A, Koufou K, Takou T, et al. (1995) Patch test results in hairdressers with contact dermatitis in Greece (1985-1994). Contact Dermatitis 33 347-361... 

Figure 3.11 Transition elements, such as gold, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, and zinc, are often used in coins and medals. List some chemical and physical properties that would be desirable in metals used for such purposes.

The last circulating silver dollar coins minted in the 1970s (Liberty dollar) with a mass of 26.7 g contained only 40% (2 significant figures) silver and 60% copper-nickel. In August 2009, silver sold for 1436 an ounce. In August 2009, did the Liberty dollar have more value as currency or as a source for silver ... 

Silver coins or other commercially available silver alloys may contain varying amounts of zinc and nickel in addition to silver and copper. The silver content of the alloy determines its value and characteristics. 

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