Coins bronze

Sandu, I., F. Diaconescu, I. G. Sandu, A. Alexandru, A. Sandu, and V. Andrei (2006), The authentication of old bronze coins and the structure of the archaeological patina, Analele Universitatii "Dunarea de Jos" din Galati, Fascicula IX Metalurgie si Stiinta Materialelor, 24(1), 38-48. 

The following table 4 gives the number of nickel and nickel-bronze coins struck since their adoption and down to 1914, in a few of the more important countries of the world ... 

Iron concentrations are given as a function of time in Figure 3. Only the compositions of coins of known or approximately known date are presented in Figures 3-10. The iron concentrations are relatively high in the two brass coins, A-75 and A-130. Brass coins of the Roman Empire usually have higher iron contents than copper or bronze coins, presumably either because of the ores used or the procedures used for producing the alloys. Many of the iron concentrations are comparatively low. Iron concentrations are highly variable and apparently do not correlate with other elements, date of manufacture, or denomination. Ancient bronzes often contain rather low concentrations of iron, possibly because lower temperatures were used to prepare coin flans (4). 

Caley, E. R. In The Composition of Ancient Greek Bronze Coins American Philosophical Society Philadelphia, 1939. 

Bronze coins have been circulated among the nations for several thousand years. Some unearthed at Snettisham in Norfolk in 1948 are of Celtic origin and date back to 85 to 75 b.c. They are perhaps the earliest minted in Britain. 

Figure 10, Conversion-electron Mossbauer spectrum (293 K) of a Chinese bronze coin, Hsiang-fu Yuan-pao (65)...

Analysis of modern and ancient coins using diamond lapping film Nd YAG 266 nm ICP-Q-MS Quantitative analysis of bronze coins using diamond lapping film for in situ microsampling Talib et al. [49]... 

Pb isotopic analysis of Roman bronze coins Nd YAG 266 nm ICP-TOF-MS Discusses the benefits of ICP-TOF-MS and in combination with wet plasma to reduce noise sources Resano et al. [104]... 

Homogeneous alloys include brass bronze coins containing gold or silver and alnico, a magnetic alloy of aluminum, nickel, and cobalt used in speakers and mobile phones. 

The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron s alloys -- brass and bronze --are very important all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper. 

These properties, coupled with its relatively low cost, make copper one of the most useful metals in modem society. About half of all copper produced is for electrical wiring, and the metal is also widely used for plumbing pipes. Copper is used to make several important alloys, the most important of which are bronze and brass. Both alloys contain copper mixed with lesser amounts of tin and zinc in various proportions. In bronze, the amount of tin exceeds that of zinc, whereas the opposite is tme for brass. The discovery of bronze sometime around 3000 bc launched the advance of civilization known today as the Bronze Age. Because bronze is harder and stronger than other metals known in antiquity, it became a mainstay of the civilizations of India and the Mediterranean, used for tools, cookware, weapons, coins, and objects of art. Today the principal use of bronze is for bearings, fittings, and machine parts. 

Bronze (alloy of copper and tin) used for coins, medals, statues, church bells. 

Attanasio, D., Bultrini, G. and Ingo, G.M. (2001). The possibility of prove-nancing a series of Bronze Punic coins found at Tharros (western Sardinia), using the literature lead isotope database. Archaeometry 43 529-547. 

Two hundred twenty four Chinese coins (Song Dynasty, ca. 990-1080 A.D.) were analyzed via energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometiy for the following elements copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), nickel (NO. manganese (Mn), antimony (Sb), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag). The coins routinely appear to be leaded bronze. However, the amount of lead present in these coins was in many cases significantly higher than expected. 

The Sung Dynasty (960 - 1280 A.D.) was one link in a chain of imperial dynasties throughout the history of China. At the time of the manufacture of the coins used in this study, established practice dictated that the coins be cast in clay molds, in a traditional manner that was already nearly one thousand years old. Thus, the coins analyzed in this study are all round, with a square hole in the center, have four characters on one side and none on the other, and are said to be of copper, bronze, or brass (/, 2). The characters on such coins are read from top... 

Modern brass and bronze alloys come in many different compositions, but 2 1 ratios of copper and zinc or tin respectively are used in a number of applications. Ancient and medieval alloys that are called brass and bronze are often mixtures of all three elements, with several other elements present as well. Observing a clean composition of copper and zinc or of copper and tin in any of the samples in this study would be a good indicator of a modem, counterfeit coin. None with such a composition were found. 

The coins appear in almost all cases to be leaded bronze. In a number of samples, the outliers contained as much or more lead than copper, and in many instances, the lead content was significantly higher than that of tin. 

The bronze compositions are decidedly different from the elemental make up of later series of Qing Dynasty cash from the 18 century, which are brass (3). Perhaps obviously, a significant change in coin metallurgy occurred between these two etas. It may be worth investigating when this change occurred, and determining what the reasons were for such. 

Thirty six small copper coins issued under the authority of Herod Agrippa I were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for copper, zinc, tin, lead, antimony, iron, gold, silver, and several other elements. This series of coins show significant amounts of lead in the coins, but an otherwise unadulterated bronze composition, with very little in the way of trace elements. The metallurgical make up of the samples and implications of the findings are presented here. 

Older references to these coins simply indicate them to be copper, brass, or bronze (/, 2). The experience from our research and that of others indicates that ancient alloys are usually more complex than either a single element, or a simple alloyed mixture (3-18). 

The coins are leaded bronze. The almost complete absence of zinc indicates they are definitely not brass. 

Steel is an alloy containing chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and boron. Copper-nickel alloy, bronze and aluminium alloys are used in making coins. Fusible alloys having low melting points are used as solder and fuses in electrical circuits. 

The reason for it is not obvious since gold is not a very rare element on earth, and other metals, for example, platinum, rhodium, osmium, and rhenium, are less abundant and more expensive. Its yellow color cannot be the reason either, since other metals, such as copper, and its alloys as bronze or brass, have different colors from the bright silver of most of the metals. Probably, the reason resides in its noble character. In fact, gold does not tarnish with time, and coins and jewelry remain indefinitely unalterable even after long exposure to extremely aggressive conditions. 

Mankind has used copper throughoutrecorded history. People learned to refine it from copper ore near 5000 BC. It was used for pottery, tools, coins and jewelry. Because ofits softness, Cu was no t useful for weapons and tools until itwas hardened by alloying it with other metals brass is Cu and zinc bronze is Cu and tin. Modern alloys are copper-aluminum and copper-nickel. Copper is one of the best conductors of electricity, so that it is widely used commercially for wiring. Its resistance to tarnishing by oxidation makes it a popular but expensive roofing material. 

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