Japanese coins

Our similar study of Japanese coins of the same general time, the mid-1800s (24), found them to be essentially high copper, leaded bronze, with consistently low concentrations of tin and trace concentrations of zinc. This is a large... 

Japanese physicist Norio Taniguchi coins the term nanotechnology. 

Chinese and Japanese bronze mirrors dating from the first, fifth, seventh, eleventh, and twelfth centuries have been found to contain between 62 and 74 per cent, of copper associated with other metals. A Corean mirror of the tenth century contains 73 per cent, of copper, and considerable proportions have been found in ancient coins, arrow-heads, and water-pots from these lands.5... 

Carbonaceous solids that are inside the triangle in Fig. 2.4 obviously contain mixtures of the three hybridization states. Japanese researchers [33, 34] recently coined the term carbon alloys to designate materials typically made up of carbon atoms in multicomponent systems, where the components undergo physical or chemical interactions with each other. This very broad concept extends to mixtures of different phases (as occurs, for instance, in carbon-carbon composites), and also to materials containing heteroatoms. The interesting point in the present context is that, according to the above definition, carbon atoms with different hybrid orbitals are considered as different components. 

The earliest Roman bronzes that have come down to us date from the fifth century b.c. and contain tin about 7 per cent, and lead from 19 to 25 per cent. This was the alloy used for casting the large coin (8 to 11 oz) of the Republic, known as the As. These ternary alloys were continued in use as coinage until 20 b.c. but from that date until two centuries later lead is seldom found in Roman coins except as an accidental impurity. The lead was no doubt added partly to increase the fusibility of the alloy and also because of its cheapness as compared with copper and tin. Roman bronze statues often contain 6 to 12 per cent of lead. Gowland states that the Japanese were accustomed to add lead to bronze, not merely for cheapness and increased fluidity but also to enable the development, under suitable treatment, of a rich brown patina J. Pliny gives a tip to the house-wife. When bronzes are cleaned,... 

Then in 1974, the word nanotechnology was coined by a Japanese professor named Norio Taniguchi when he talked about the specifics of making materials for the semiconductor industry. With a name, it was much easier to refer to it as a single line of study, and so people started to focus on what can be done at the nanoscale. 

I. Otsuki, Bussitsu no Henka (Matter and Change), Hyoronsha, Tokyo, 1973, (ISBN/ASIN 4566020045). This demonstration is particularly notable in that the functional battery produced from Japanese one yen (aluminium) and ten yen (copper) coins has the cathode and anode identified by the kanji characters for one (-) and ten (+). 

Total quality management—A term coined to describe Japanese-style management approaches to quality improvement. Since then, total quality management (TQM) has taken on many meanings. Simply put, TQM is a management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction. TQM is based on the participation of... 

In the 80s of the past century, the term concurrent engineering(CE) was coined to indicate a way of working in product development and design to meet consumer demands in shorter time, with fewer errors, and lower costs. CE was meant to improve industry s competitiveness especially in the West to catch up with the advantage gained by Japanese companies like Toyota. 

Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence was used by Gaines and coworkers to determine the elemental composition of Chinese coins minted in the period of 1736-1796 and that of Annamese coins minted in the period 1880-1907. The consistency in conq>osition of the two groups of coins, although minted 100 years apart, is indicative of a continued relationship between Annam and China. While Japanese modernization in the 19 century included new methods of metal refining and casting of coins, Annam maintained the traditional methods of coin manufacture. 

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