Coins minting

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B.C. contain very high antimony concentrations, and two of these are sem-isses (only four semisses were analyzed). The coins from the earliest period to about 160 B.C. contain moderate amounts of antimony (see Figure 9). Most of the coins made from around 160 to 80 B.C. have relatively high antimony contents these same coins also were relatively high in silver. The latest two coins have the very low antimony contents typical of coins minted in the early Roman Empire. 

The trace metal contents of so-called imitation coins of Caligula and Claudius, some of which may have been minted in France and England for the Roman Army, diflEer significantly from those of coins minted in Rome (4) ... 

The objectives of this work are to present the compositions of 245 Roman copper coins minted from about 9 to 4 B.C. to determine whether chemical compositions may be correlated closely with the date of manufacture (year) to determine whether different issues of coins within a given year have the same range of compositions, i.e., whether the issues were struck concurrently, separately, or only partly concurrently and to determine whether coins having either obverse or reverse die links (pairs of coins struck from the same die) have the same composition within experimental error. 

So-called imitations, or military copies, of copper coins of Claudius, probably minted in France, Germany, and England for the Roman army, have small, but significant, differences in trace element concentrations from Claudian coins minted in Rome (JO). 

Were the a.d. 42 coins minted for only part of the year ... 

Using silver powder and copper powder, prepare mixtures with various ratios of these metals. Record the XRF spectrum of each mixture. Relate the silver/ copper ratio to the ratio of the Ag K and Cu K lines. Measure the Ag/Cu ratio of various US silver coins minted (a) before 1964 and (b) after 1964. 

The most common use for privately owned gold is jewelry and personal ornaments. Coinage and bullion ranks second, especially gold coins, minted by many nations, which are attractive to small investors. Secondary -and increasing - uses of gold include the s-ciplines of electronics, dentistry, physiology, immunology, electron microscopy, and human medicine. 

Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence was used by Gaines and coworkers to determine the elemental composition of Chinese coins minted in the period of 1736-1796 and that of Annamese coins minted in the period 1880-1907. The consistency in conq>osition of the two groups of coins, although minted 100 years apart, is indicative of a continued relationship between Annam and China. While Japanese modernization in the 19 century included new methods of metal refining and casting of coins, Annam maintained the traditional methods of coin manufacture. 

Many coins are now a laminated composite of different metals. US coins minted after 1964 have a Cu interior and a Ni-alloy cladding. This preserves the appearance and noncorrosive properties of Ni at much less expense than making the coin from solid Ni or Ag. 

The last circulating silver dollar coins minted in the 1970s (Liberty dollar) with a mass of 26.7 g contained only 40% (2 significant figures) silver and 60% copper-nickel. In August 2009, silver sold for 1436 an ounce. In August 2009, did the Liberty dollar have more value as currency or as a source for silver ... 

Perhaps the most extensive appHcation for conversion-rolled, explosion-bonded clads was for U.S. coinage in the 1960s (34) when over 15,900 metric tons of explosion-clad strip that was suppHed to the U.S. Mint helped alleviate the national silver coin shortage. The triclad composites consist of 70—30 cupronickel/Cu/70—30 cupronickel. 

Newton and Leibniz continue to propound their grand theories as their infamous rivalry intensifies, stubborn alchemy does battle with the natural sciences, nobles are beheaded, dastardly plots are set in motion, coins are newly minted (or not) in enemy strongholds, father and sons reunite in faraway lands, priests rise from the dead. .. and Daniel Waterhouse seeks passage to the Massachusetts colony in hopes of escaping the madness into which his world has descended... 

XRF is widely used in industrial applications where a large number of elements need to be determined quantitatively. It is used for continuous quality control in the steel industry (e.g., the determination of Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, etc., in the production of stainless steels), and also for casting quality of coins in the Royal Mint (where Cu, Ni, and Zn are continuously monitored). Geological applications include whole rock analyses and clay identification. The power industry uses it as pollution control management, measuring sulfur and heavy metal concentrations in fuels (coal, oil) and ash. 

Anthony did not work alone. She collaborated with reformers of women s rights such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Amelia Bloomer. Susan worked for the American Anti-Slavery Society with Frederick Douglass, a fugitive slave and black abolitionist. On July 2, 1979, the U.S. Mint honored her work by issuing the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin. Although Anthony did not live to see the fruits of her efforts, the establishment of the nineteenth amendment is indebted to her efforts. 

The 5-cent coin of the United States is named after the metal nickel. It is composed of 25% nickel and 75% copper (maybe it should have been named copper, but that name was already used in England for a coin). Thousands of years ago, a variety of metals, mainly gold and silver, were used to make coins. Because of the shortage and price increase of some coinage metals such as gold, silver, and copper, the United States mint now uses less of these metals and substitutes more iron, zinc, nickel, or steel to make the coins of today. 

Henry hoped that alchemical gold might help him to pay state debts. In 1445 Sir Edmund Trafford and Thomas Asheton were duly granted the right to make gold, and coins were actually minted from the product they produced. But their alchemical gold later proved to be an alloy of mercury, copper, and gold. 

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