Coins physical measurements

Table I. Physical Measurements and Chemical Compositions of the Coins...

Table I lists the weights, densities, maximum and minimum diameters, maximum thicknesses, and die orientations of the coins. The coins are identified by Crawford number (10). Because the coins have been nondestructive analyzed, their physical measurements will identify the coins at any time unless the coins are deliberately altered.

Table I. Physical Measurements of Copper-Based Coins of the Roman Republic... 

Chemical analyses and physical measurements of a large number of Roman coins struck in four years have produced the following observations and conclusions ... 

In 1898 Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934), while experimenting with thorium and uranium, coined the word radioactivity to describe this newly discovered type of radiation. She went on to discover polonium and radium. Madam Curie and her husband Pierre Curie (1859—1906), who discovered the piezoelectric effect, which is used to measure the level of radiation, and Henri Becquerel jointly received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on radioactivity. 

Systematic studies of membrane phenomena can be traced to the eighteenth century philosopher scientists. For example, Abbe Nolet coined the word osmosis to describe permeation of water through a diaphragm in 1748. Through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, membranes had no industrial or commercial uses, but were used as laboratory tools to develop physical/chemical theories. For example, the measurements of solution osmotic pressure made with membranes by Traube and Pfeffer were used by van t Hoff in 1887 to develop his limit law, which explains the behavior of ideal dilute solutions this work led directly to the... 

Rheology is a branch of physics that deals with the deformation and flow of matter under stress. The word rheology is defined as the science of deformation and flow, was coined by Prof Bingham in 1920s. Rheology involves measurements in controlled flow, mainly the viscometric flow in which the velocity... 

CURIE. A common unit of measurement for radioactivity. One curie is equal to 37 billion disintegrations per second or 37,000,000,000 becquerel, the metric unit for measuring radioactivity. The unit, abbreviated Ci, honors the Polish-French scientist Marie Curie (1867-1934), who is credited with coining the term radioactive. Curie and her husband Pierre (1859-1906) received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of their investigations of radioactivity, sharing the award with Henri Becquerel. Marie Curie was also recognized with a second Nobel Prize, the 1911 award in Chemistry, for her discoveries of the elements radium and polonium. 

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