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Hazard classification studies

Hazard Classification Studies For In-Process Hazardous Materials... [Pg.19]

Data on hydrolysis (e.g. OECD Test Guideline 111) might be considered for classification purposes only when the longest half-life t./, determined within the pH range 4-9 is shorter than 16 days. However, hydrolysis is not an ultimate degradation and various intermediate degradation products may be formed, some of which may be only slowly degradable. Only when it can be satisfactorily demonstrated that the hydrolysis products formed do not fulfil the criteria for classification as hazardous for the aquatic environment, data from hydrolysis studies could be considered. [Pg.464]

A.0.3.1 For some hazard classes, classification results directly when the data satisfy the criteria. For others, classification of a chemical shall be determined on the basis of the total weight of evidence using expert judgment. This means that all available information bearing on the classification of hazard shall be considered together, including the results of valid in vitro tests, relevant animal data, and human experience such as epidemiological and clinical studies and well-documented case reports and observations. [Pg.134]

Safety engineering personnel normally supply much of this data, except the SIL, for each fimction. It is preferable that an SIL classification study should be treated as an extension of hazard assessment and be handled jointly with instrument engineers. [Pg.66]

Originally the classification of materials was derived from tests of proprietary explosion-proof (flameproof) enclosures. There were no published criteria. Equipment was approved relative to the lowest ignition temperature of any material in the group (Magison 1987). In about 1965 the U.S. Coast Guard asked the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to form a panel to classify 200 materials of commerce. The Electrical Hazards Panel of the Committee on Hazardous Materials was formed by the NAS. The Panel studied many ways to estimate the hazard classification of materials. The Panel finally reported to die U.S. Coast Guard in 1970 that no workable, predicdve scheme could be defined, and it then proceeded to assign tentative classifications to the 200 materials. [Pg.99]

Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), 396, 399 Hazard classification, 443, 452, 453, 455, 469, 477, 478 Hazard warning labels, 394, 446, 447, 452, 461, 464 Hazardous reactions. See Chemical reaction Corrosion ... [Pg.603]

After studying these parameters, we will describe and discuss the most important classification methods before suggesting a new quantitative classification method for the fire hazard of a chemical substance. [Pg.35]

The company uses the TNT equivalence method for screening purposes and the Baker-Strehlow methodology to model blast effects for more in-depth studies. The hazard classifications are as follows ... [Pg.118]

Various secondary sources of safety data are now listing this as an explosive. I can find no primaiy source for this classification, which seems very improbable. Simple minded use of many computational hazard prediction procedures would show thermodynamically that this compound, like most lower amines, could hypothetically convert to alkane, ammonia and nitrogen with sufficient energy (about 3 kJ/g) to count as an explosion hazard. This reaction is not known to happen. (Simple minded thermodynamicists would rate this book, or computer, and its reader as a severe hazard in an air environment.) Like other bases, iminobispropylamine certainly sensitises many nitro-explosives to detonation. It is used experimentally to study the effect, which may have found technical exploitation and, garbled, could have led to description of the amine as itself an explosive. [Pg.843]

The risk assessment comprises an effect assessment (hazard identification and hazard characterization) and an exposure assessment. The principles for the effect assessment of the active substances are in principle similar to those for existing and new chemicals and are addressed in detail in Chapter 4. Based on the outcome of the effect assessment, an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and an Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (AOEL) are derived, usually from the NOAEL by applying an overall assessment factor addressing differences between experimental effect assessment data (usually from animal studies) and the real human exposure situation, taking into account variability and uncertainty for further details the reader is referred to Chapter 5. As a part of the effect assessment, classification and labeling of the active substance according to the criteria laid down in Directive 67/548/EEC (EEC 1967) is also addressed (Section 2.4.1.8). [Pg.40]

In the chemical safety report, the hazard assessment of a particular substance is based on the data set provided in the technical dossier. This contains substance-specific information on physicochemical properties as well as on toxicological and ecotoxicological hazards. One objective of the hazard assessment is the substance s hazard identification, which comprises the determination of its physicochemical and hazardous properties for the purpose of classification. Concerning human health hazards, both human and nonhuman information is taken into consideration and evaluated with respect to the classification criteria laid down in the Dangerous Substances Directive and in the CLP Regulation, respectively. However, in most cases human data do not exist, so the hazard identification has to be based on data from animal experiments. With respect to teratogenicity, this hazardous property may in principle be detected in the following toxicity studies ... [Pg.527]

Listed below are industry specific waste reduction audit studies for small quantity hazardous waste generators. Waste reduction audit reports have been completed for nine industry groups according to Standard Industrial Classification Codes (SIC) as follows ... [Pg.179]

The objective of the study presented in this Report was to address difficulties (elaborated, for example, in Sections 1.3.1.5 and 1.4) that have arisen from use of the existing classification systems for radioactive and hazardous chemical wastes. An important impetus for... [Pg.6]

As part of this study, NCRP investigated how the recommended waste classification system would affect the current classifications of radioactive and hazardous chemical wastes. The results of this investigation are summarized as follows ... [Pg.51]

NCRP undertook a study of waste classification because of the importance and visibility of hazardous waste management in the United States coupled with the observation that the existing classification systems for hazardous wastes are increasingly complex and inefficient. This determination led to the independently conceived alternative approach to hazardous waste classification described in this Report. [Pg.57]

Dose-Response Relationships. The primary objective of this study is to set forth the foundations of a risk-based waste classification system that applies to hazardous chemicals and radionuclides. Most aspects of the risk assessment process that provide the basis for establishing this system are conceptually the same for chemicals and radionuclides, although the specific data (e.g., solubilities) may differ. One important exception is the assumed relationship of the probability of a response to a unit dose of a substance that causes stochastic effects, which is called the dose-response relationship There are important conceptual differences in the way this relationship has been defined and used for hazardous chemicals and radionuclides, and these differences could pose a major impediment to development of a risk-based waste classification system that applies to both types of substances on a consistent basis. These differences are elucidated in the following section. [Pg.99]

In many respects, the foundations and framework of the proposed risk-based hazardous waste classification system and the recommended approaches to implementation are intended to be neutral in regard to the degree of conservatism in protecting public health. With respect to calculations of risk or dose in the numerator of the risk index, important examples include (1) the recommendation that best estimates (MLEs) of probability coefficients for stochastic responses should be used for all substances that cause stochastic responses in classifying waste, rather than upper bounds (UCLs) as normally used in risk assessments for chemicals that induce stochastic effects, and (2) the recommended approach to estimating threshold doses of substances that induce deterministic effects in humans based on lower confidence limits of benchmark doses obtained from studies in humans or animals. Similarly, NCRP believes that the allowable (negligible or acceptable) risks or doses in the denominator of the risk index should be consistent with values used in health protection of the public in other routine exposure situations. NCRP does not believe that the allowable risks or doses assumed for purposes of waste classification should include margins of safety that are not applied in other situations. [Pg.320]

Acute dermal toxicity is the study of adverse effects occurring within a short time of dermal application of a single-dose test chemical. In evaluating the safety of a chemical, determination of acute dermal toxicity is useful when exposure by the dermal route is likely and more predominant. It provides information on health hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure by the dermal route. Data from an acute dermal toxicity study may serve as a basis for chemical classification and labeling. It is an initial step in establishing a dose regimen in subchronic (and other) studies, and may provide information on dermal absorption as well as a chemical s mode of toxic action. [Pg.469]

The results of this study and of a previous study (Worth et al., 1998) show that stepwise approaches to hazard classification, in which alternative methods are applied before animal tests, provide a promising means of reducing and refining the use of animals. In these approaches, fewer animal experiments need to be conducted, and of those chemicals tested in vivo, the majority are found to be non-toxic. [Pg.412]


See other pages where Hazard classification studies is mentioned: [Pg.3]    [Pg.484]    [Pg.484]    [Pg.152]    [Pg.123]    [Pg.135]    [Pg.617]    [Pg.317]    [Pg.328]    [Pg.329]    [Pg.541]    [Pg.617]    [Pg.406]    [Pg.1729]    [Pg.359]    [Pg.361]    [Pg.76]    [Pg.260]    [Pg.277]    [Pg.376]    [Pg.281]    [Pg.360]    [Pg.367]    [Pg.566]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.19 , Pg.20 ]




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