Hazardous reactions

Use of high or low temperature, high pressure, vacuum or possible hazardous reactions (polymerization, oxidation, halogenation, hydrogenation, alkylation, nitration, etc.)... 

The characteristics of some potentially hazardous reactions are summarized in Tables 7.18 and 7.22. 

Reaction Degree of hazard Reaction Degree of hazard... 

Industrially, chlorine is obtained as a by-product in the electrolytic conversion of salt to sodium hydroxide. Hazardous reactions have occuned between chlorine and a variety of chemicals including acetylene, alcohols, aluminium, ammonia, benzene, carbon disulphide, diethyl ether, diethyl zinc, fluorine, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, ferric chloride, metal hydrides, non-metals such as boron and phosphorus, rubber, and steel. 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water No reaction Reactivity with Common Materials No hazardous reaction Stability During Transport /Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Flush with water Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water A slow, non-hazardous reaction occurs, forming propanolamine Reactivity with Common Materials No reactions Stability During Transport The product is stable if it is kept in contact with solid caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Dilute with water and rinse with vinegar solution Polymerization This material will polymerize explosively when in contact with any acid Inhibitor of Potymerization Solid sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). 

Minimize contamination via fewer cross-connections and fewer hose stations. Minimize the number of hoses required in loading/un-loading facilities. Cross-contamination, sometimes even from catalytic amounts of material, can result in undesired hazardous reactions. To prevent contamination due to rainwater and spills, consider storing a material that can react vigorously with water under a roof. 

The number of reactions that can run away is enormous, Bretherick s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards [1] lists about 4,700 chemicals that have been involved in hazardous reactions of one sort or another, and there are more than 20,000 cross-references to entries involving more than one chemical. It is an essential work of reference for the chemist, the process engineer, and everyone involved in process safety. All I can do here is give a few examples to illustrate the reasons why runaways occur. 

Hazardous reactions are pointed out in specific cases. In addition general safety rules for work with fluorine and fluorinated agents are thoroughly discussed on pages 25 and 26 of this book and on pages 13 and 14 in the 1976/1992 editions. 

Ref 9 adds the following hazardous reactions without references ... 

Examples of hazardous reactions are given in Table 6.17. Table 6.18 gives basic precautions in monomer storage Table 6.19 lists properties of common monomers. 

Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), 396, 399 Hazard classification, 443, 452, 453, 455, 469, 477, 478 Hazard warning labels, 394, 446, 447, 452, 461, 464 Hazardous reactions. See Chemical reaction Corrosion ... 

Situation like microelectronics decades ago impetus by analytical chemistry lab-on-a-chip - biological applications microfabrication and micro devices scale out input-output board fast and hazardous reactions plug-and-play modules interconnects non-linear synthesis growth of scientific community industry s response selected key players and their activities [217]. 

Potentially hazardous reactions. Bretherick (1990) used a few general types of potentially hazardous reactions to classify the majority of exothermic reactions involving two or more components. By far the most common type is that involving an oxidant and an oxidizable material. The most common oxidant is air. Some materials will react so rapidly with air that ignition occurs. spontaneously. Finely divided metals or metal hydrides, or fully alkylated... 

Reduction reactions are perhaps the second most common type of potentially hazardous reactions. Materials such as metallic sodium, aluminium, and magnesium hydrazine diborane sodium hydride and hydrogen have all been involved in a wide variety of chemical accidents. 

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