Chrysanthemum extract

The Chrysanthemum Extract comprise of a mixture oiester e.g., chrysanthemic and pyrethric acids alcohols e.g., cinerolone and pyrethrolone. As the esters are usually more prone to get hydrolyzed and oxidized, hence it must be stored in sealed light-proof containers in a cool place. 

The Chrysanthemum extract is a mixture of ester consisting of the acids chrysanthemic and... 

Triforine (Saprol) is a fungicide for Ascochyta blight. In a mass examination of chrysanthemum growers using triforine, the highest rate of positive patch reaction was seen to 0.02% aqueous triforine (17%) among the seven pesticides and chrysanthemum extracts tested. Cross-sensitization between triforine and DDVP was also shown [146]. 

Pyrethrin is a natural insecticide obtained from the powdered flower heads of several species of Chrysanthemum. The active substances in pyrethrum, principally pyrethrins I and II, are contact poisons for insects and cold-blooded vertebrates. Although powders made from Chrysanthemum extracts have found widespread use, the active substances in them are destroyed rapidly in the environment. In an effort to develop synthetic compounds as effective as the natural insecticides but with greater biostability, chemists prepared a series of esters related in structure. Among the synthetic pyrethrenoids now in common use in household and agricultural products are permethrin and bifenthrin. 

Specific inhibitors have also been extracted, and studied, from Cyperns esculentus (146) Artemisia vulgaris (87) Madia glomerata (26) roots of Chrysanthemum morifolium (4) Zinnia oligantha (145) and Vitis vinifera (133). 

The compounds featured in Table 1.1 are considered briefly here. Pyrethrins are lipophilic esters that occur in Chrysanthemum spp. Extracts of flower heads of Chrysanthemum spp. contain six different pyrethrins and have been used for insect control (Chapter 12). Pyrethrins act upon sodium channels in a manner similar to p,p -DDT. The highly successful synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were modeled on natural pyrethrins. 

Pyrethroids are a class of synthetic insecticides designed and optimized based on the structure of the pyrethrins found in natural pyrethrum extracted from chrysanthemum flowers [1, 2], Pyrethroids are widely used to control insect pests in agriculture and public health because of their relative safety for humans and high insecticidal potency [3]. 

Coumarins are pharmacologically active and have been used in the treatment of a diverse range of diseases. The great diversity of coumarin structures and their wide range of polarities present special problems for their simultaneous analysis. The separation of seven closely related coumarins by CZE was studied. Optimized conditions tallied with a 200 mM boric acid—50 mM tetraborate buffer pH 8.5 and were applied to the determination of coumarins in extracts from roots and aerial parts from the plant Chrysanthemum segetum. Baseline separation of six coumarins was achieved in 10 min. 

In 1959-61, a Czech group [8,9] reported the isolation of a new sesquiterpene lactone from Chrysanthemum (Tanacetum) parthenium as part of a study of the sesquiterpene lactones of the Compositae family. They named it parthenolide. The initial structure for parthenolide was later revised [10,11] and the accepted structure for parthenolide today is represented by structure (1). Parthenolide is a germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactone. The crystal structure for parthenolide has also been reported [12]. Extractions of C. (T.) parthenium grown in Mexico, known locally as santamaria, did not yield parthenolide [13], but a closely related compound was isolated and named santamarine (3). This suggests that regional variations in the chemical constituents may occur. 

A newer class of insecticides is the pyrethroids. These are synthetic derivatives of pyrethrins, which are natural extracts from chrysanthemums. Pyrethroids have been developed to be more stable (and thus more effective as insecticides) than the pyrethrins, which are particularly instable in light. Pyrethroids are frequently used as broad-spectrum insecticides. They have high insect toxicity, but lower mammalian toxicity than their organophosphate or carbamate counterparts. Pyrethroids are still limited in effectiveness due to their environmental lability, their high cost, and their potential for resistance development. 

Natural pyrethrum products (pyrethrins extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium). 

The most economically important group of natural plant insecticides are the pyrethrins, a group of six closely related esters extracted from pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum clnerariaefollum) flower heads (Figure 1). Pyrethrum has been used as an insecticide since at least the early 1800 s in Persia and Yugoslavia. By 1828 pyrethrum was being processed for commercial Insect control, and by 1939 imports of pyrethrum into the United States reached a peak of 13.5 million pounds. Use of the natural product declined in the early 1950 s because of the advent of synthetic pyrethroid analogs (for example, allethrins), which were both more stable and more effective in the field. The present worldwide demand for pyrethrum flowers remains in excess of 25,000 tons annually and is satisfied by the estimated 150 million flowers still hand-harvested daily, predominantly in natural stands and cultivated fields in Kenya, Tanzania, and Ecuador (9 ). 

Figure 1. Structures of Six Insecticidal Esters Extracted from Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium)...

Plants have provided several other important pesticides. The group of insecticides called pyrethrums was harvested and refined from chrysanthemums. The plant nux vomica contains strychnine, which was used to kill rodents. Rotenone, another important insecticide was extracted from the root of Denis eliptica. Plant extracts were useful, but difficult to purify and obtain in quantity. Significant increases in the use of pesticides occurred with advances in synthetic chemistry and our understanding of biology. 

Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the prolactin receptor, was active . Protein synthesis stimulation. Sterol fraction of the extract, in cell culture at a concentration of 25 (xg/mL, produced weak activity on CA-LNCAP. A concentration of 50 (xg/mL was active on CA-PC3 h PSA production inhibition. Ethanol (70%) extract of PC-SPES (a Chinese herb combination of chrysanthemum, dyers woad, licorice, reishi, san-qi ginseng, rabdosia, saw palmetto, and baikal skullcap), in cultured prostate cancer cell line at variable doses for 24 hours, produced a significant effect in supressing cell growth in all the cell lines h... 

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are probably the best known and safest classes of natural or synthetic insecticides, widely used in domestic and agricultural applications (1-7). Pyrethrins are natural insecticides derived from the Chrysanthemum cineraria flowers the plant extract, called pyrethrum, is a mixture of six isomers (pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, jasmolin I and II) which was first used in China in the century AD, during the Chou Dinasty. The world pyrethrum market is worth half a billion US dollars [main producers are East Africa highlands (Kenia, Tanzania and Rwanda) and Australia] however, its availability is subject to cyclical trends, due to rains and relations with farmers, who face high harvest costs also due to the fact that the flowers have to be... 

Protein biomolecules consisting of polypeptide chain with large molecular mass Protostar early stage in the formation of a star when gases and dust start to contract due to gravitational forces P-V Work work associated with the expansion or compression of a gas Pyrethroids synthetic forms of pyrethrins, insecticides based on extracts from chrysanthemums... 

Figure 5-3. Plasma desorption mass spectra of anthocyanidins extracted from A. chrysanthemum, B. begonia, C. carnation, and D. phlox. The data in this figure was published in the article Plasma desorption mass spectrometry of anthocyanidins , Rap. Comm. Mass Spectrom. 7 400-403, by Wood, K. V., Bonham, C. C., Ng, J., Hipskind, J. and Nicholson, R. L. 1993. Copyright John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced with permission.

The pyrethrins are valuable insecticidal components of pyrethrum flowers, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (= Tanacetum cinerariifolium) (Compositae/Asteraceae). The flowers are harvested just before they are fully expanded, and usually processed to an extract. Pyrethrum cultivation is conducted in East Africa, especially Kenya, and more recently in Ecuador and Australia. The natural pyrethrins are used as a constituent of insect sprays for household use and as post-harvest insecticides, having a rapid action on the nervous system of insects, whilst being biodegradable and non-toxic to mammals, though they are toxic to fish and amphibians. This biodegradation, initiated by air and light, means few insects develop resistance to the pyrethrins, but it does limit the lifetime of the insecticide under normal conditions to just a few hours. 

Pyrethrin is an extract from several types of chrysanthemum, and is one of the oldest insecticides used by humans. There are six esters and acids associated with this botanical insecticide. Pyrethrin is applied at low doses and is considered to be nonpersistent. 

STICH, K., HALBWIRTH, H., WURST, F., FORKMANN, G UDP-glucose 7-0-glucosyltransferase activity in flower extracts of Chrysanthemum segetum. Z. Naturforsch., 1997, 52c, 153-158. 

Nicotine is an example of a natural insecticide that has been in use for many years. Pyrethrln, a crude mixture of natural pyrethroids, was used by Caucasian tribes as an insecticide before 1800. The extract of pyrethrum from chrysanthemum clnaerlaefolum contains pyrethrlns, clnerins and jasmolins. Although this product was a valuable insecticide when few effective insecticides were available, its use in agriculture has been limited by its photochemical instability. Replacement of such naturally occurring insecticides by compounds synthesized from petrochemicals was favoured by wartime conditions. 

Pyrethroids consist of pyrethrum and its synthetic pyrethrum analogs called synthetic pyrethroids. Pyrethrum is a solvent extract of dried flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefo-lium. The active ingredients of pyrethrum are called pyrethrins. Pyrethrins consist of four esters, namely, pyrethrins I and II and cinerins I and II, which comprise the combination of two different alcohols (pyrethrolone and cinerolone) and two different acids (chrysan-themic acid and pyrethric acid), as follows ... 

The natural pyrethrin insecticides are esters derived from the alcohols cinerolone, jasmololone, and pyrethrolone (Fig. 6). Extracts of pyrethrum, the dried flowerheads of Chrysanthemum cinerariae-folium, contain a mixture of six of these ester (Fig. 6) and are commonly available with the addition of the pyrethrum synergist piperonyl butoxide. Variations on these basic structures have... 

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