Natural extract

To prepare gas for evacuation it is necessary to separate the gas and liquid phases and extract or inhibit any components in the gas which are likely to cause pipeline corrosion or blockage. Components which can cause difficulties are water vapour (corrosion, hydrates), heavy hydrocarbons (2-phase flow or wax deposition in pipelines), and contaminants such as carbon dioxide (corrosion) and hydrogen sulphide (corrosion, toxicity). In the case of associated gas, if there is no gas market, gas may have to be flared or re-injected. If significant volumes of associated gas are available it may be worthwhile to extract natural gas liquids (NGLs) before flaring or reinjection. Gas may also have to be treated for gas lifting or for use as a fuel. 

Vitamins. The preparation of heat-sensitive natural and synthetic vitamins (qv) involves solvent extraction. Natural vitamins A and D are extracted from fish Hver oils and vitamin E from vegetable oils (qv) Hquid propane [74-98-6] is the solvent. In the synthetic processes for vitamins A, B, C, and E, solvent extraction is generally used either in the separation steps for intermediates or in the final purification. 

A blend of botanical extracts natural chemicals, ie, isolates and those derived via natural processes, eg, ethyl acetate, absolute tagette and oil petitigrain mandarin. 

Process for Extracting Natural Gas Liquids From Natural Gas Streams with Physical Solvents, U.S. Patent 4.511.381. Apr. 16, 1985. 

Natural gas extraction Natural gas [resource] Resource depletion 2 6 5 6... 

Many solvent properties are related to density and vary with pressure in a SCF. These include the dielectric constant (er), the Hildebrand parameter (S) and n [5], The amount a parameter varies with pressure is different for each substance. So, for example, for scC02, which is very nonpolar, there is very little variation in the dielectric constant with pressure. However, the dielectric constants of both water and fluoroform vary considerably with pressure (Figure 6.3). This variation leads to the concept of tunable solvent parameters. If a property shows a strong pressure dependence, then it is possible to tune the parameter to that required for a particular process simply by altering the pressure [6], This may be useful in selectively extracting natural products or even in varying the chemical potential of reactants and catalysts in a reaction to alter the rate or product distributions of the reaction. 

Mastication of extracted natural rubber with methyl methacrylate in an extruder gives a relatively high conversion of monomers, >60%, and the formation of a modified rubber (97). 

To extract natural gas, holes are drilled deep into the Earth and giant pipes are inserted. Once a gas deposit is located, gas flows up the pipeline and is treated at processing plants. Other gases, such as butane and propane, are separated from the methane. 

While the recovery processes used in extracting natural gas liquids from our gas production have improved enormously in the past 25 years, there has really been no new fundamental development in this period. Use of higher pressures and lower temperatures has permitted higher levels of recovery. Thus in today s technology recovery of 70 to 80% of the propane contained in the gas is a common attainment and higher recoveries are known. Similarly, 95% of the butanes may be readily recovered as liquid and substantially 100% of the pentanes and heavier volatiles. 

Near the end of the eighteenth century the difference between the two fixed alkalies—potassium and sodium carbonates—was known sodium carbonate barilla was largely made from the ashes of sea plants, and potash from the ashes of land plants. The Arabs also had brought some natural soda into Europe, via Spain. These sources were not sufficient to cope with the demand for alkali for the manufacture of soap, glass, etc. Potash was at that time the cheaper and dominant alkali. With the steadily increasing demands for alkali and the very limited sources of supply presented by the incineration of wood, many attempts were naturally made to substitute the base of common salt, because that with a suitable method of extraction nature has provided inexhaustible, abundant, and cheap... 

Salt, sodium chloride classification compound. Stainless steel, mix of iron and carbon classification mixture. Tap water, dihydrogen oxide plus impurities classification mixture. Sugar, chemical name sucrose classification compound. Vanilla extract, natural product classification mixture. Butter, natural product classification mixture. Maple syrup, natural product classification mixture. Aluminum, metal classification in pure form—element (sold commercially as a mixture of mostly aluminum with trace metals, such as magnesium). Ice, dihydrogen oxide classification in pure form—compound when made from impure tap water—mixture. Milk, natural product classification mixture. Cherry-flavored cough drops, pharmaceutical classification mixture. 

Tamada JA, Bohannon NJV, Potts RO. Measurement of glucose in diabetic subjects using noninvasive transdermal extraction. Nature Medicine 1995, 1, 1198-1201. 

We designate as natural all materials that are obtained from natural sources by the application of physical separation techniques such as distillation and extraction. Natural products have been used for many thousands of years as the raw materials of perfumery. Entire plants, flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, as well as woods, roots, and the resins they exude, are all sources of fragrance materials. Similarly the scent glands of animals such as the civet cat and the musk deer have been used since early civilization to provide perfume for humans. 

Sometimes chemists analyze a compound that is found in nature to learn how to produce it more cheaply in a laboratory. For example, consider the flavour used in vanilla ice cream, which may come from natural or artificial vanilla extract. Natural vanilla extract is made from vanilla seed pods, shown on the left. The seed pods must be harvested and processed before being sold as vanilla extract. The scent and flavour of synthetic vanilla come from a compound called vanillin, which can be produced chemically in bulk. Therefore its production is much cheaper. Similarly, many medicinal chemicals that are found in nature can be produced more cheaply and efficiently in a laboratory. 

Dickey, R., Jester, E., Granade, R., Mowdy, D., Monereiff, C., Rebarchik, D, Robl, M., Musser, S., Poli, M. 1999. Monitoring brevetoxins during a Gymnodinium breve red tide comparison of sodium channel specific cytotoxicity assay and mouse bioassay for determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins in shellfish extracts. Natural Toxins 1, 157-165. 

Bate-Smith, E.G. (1948) Paper chromatography of anthocyanins and related substances in petal extracts. Nature, 161,835-8. 

The PC/PE ratios of alcohol-fractionated lecithins are largely determined by processing variables such as alcohol polarity, concentration, lecithin/alcohol ratio, temperature, and extraction time (33). By extracting natural lecithin with a PC to PE ratio of 1.2 1 with 90% ethanol, an alcohol-soluble fraction with a PC/PE ratio of 8 1 can be obtained (33, 120). The fractions may be blended with other surfactants or carriers to obtain desired functionality. 

Ultrasound-assisted leaching has also been used to extract natural compounds such as vitamins A, D and E from feeds [57], paclitaxel and related taxoids from leaf tissue of Taxus [58], opiates from hair samples [59] and antioxidants from rosemary [60]. Ultrasounds have so far had much more restricted application in this field than in the previous ones, possibly as a result of the technique being at a disadvantage with respect to alternatives such as microwave-assisted extraction [57] or supercritical CO, extraction [60]. 

Figure 4.5 Chromatogram of a wine sample containing OTA 4.41 xg/L (left) and a grape extract naturally OTA-contaminated at 4.92 pg/L (right). Emission spectra are recorded in the wavelength range 350-550 nm, the maximum is at 470 nm (Tonus et al., 2005)...

Gila. Grundy, H. M., Simpson, S. A., and Tait, J. F., Isolation of a highly active mineralocorticoid from beef adrenal extract. Nature 169, 795-796 (1952). 

Pristene. [UOP] Mixed tocopherols or blends or rosemary extract natural food... 

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