Insect pest control

Since the early 1940s, insecticides have been of immeasurable value in curbing the ravages of insect pests. In the words of the National Academy of Sciences "...when their use is approached from sound ecological principles, chemical pesticides provide dependable and valuable tools for the biologist. Their use is indispensable in modem society. There are many problems of insect pest control for which the use of chemicals provides the only acceptable solution. Chemical pesticides will continue to be one of the most dependable weapons for the entomologist for the foreseeable future" (6). 

Conserve SC InfoSheet. Turf and ornamental insect pest control for lawn care and landscape professionals, DowAgro, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 1997. 

Whenever applied, IPM practices have consistendy resulted in decreases in insecticide applications of 50 to 90% over conventional spray programs. By encouraging natural enemies, IPM practices markedly decrease the rigor of natural selection by pesticides that is responsible for resistance. Natural enemy preservation also prevents the great fluctuations and suiges in insect pest populations observed after the injudicious use of broad-spectrum insecticides. Under the IPM concept, insecticides are generally used when other practices are inadequate and the pest population reaches the economic threshold. In order to make the IPM concept effective, insecticides must be used as selectively as possible, with minimal disturbance to all other elements of the ecosystem. Thus IPM practices are essentially blueprints for the proper use of insecticides in insect pest control. 

Switching from conventional to GM crops expressing agronomic traits likely affects pesticide usage, because these traits serve to inqrrove yields, insect pest control, and weed management. Herbicide tolerance traits, for example, are linked to the use of a specific herbicide, which may substitute for alternative herbicides that are used for weed management in conventional crops. Shifts in pesticide usage by adoption of GM crops will likely have an impact on the environment, but data in this respect are scarcely available and sometimes even contradictory. 

As in insect pest control, techniques for control of vertebrate pests depend on whether the pest problem is indoors or outdoors. 

Kim YS, Uefuji H, Ogita S, Sano H. Transgenic tobacco plants producing caffeine a potential new strategy for insect pest control. Transgenic Res. 2006 15 667-672. 

The potential for using endocrine imbalance as a means of insect pest control was suggested by Williams (9,10) He proposed that exposing immature insects to juvenile hormone (JH) at the time of metamorphosis, when JH is normally absent, would cause abnormal development and individuals incapable of survival. Since insect metamorphosis is unique, JH disruption would affect only insects. This would result in an environmentally safe approach to insect control as compared to current chemical pesticides which are less insect specific and more biocidal. The JH approach to pest insect control is most effective when adults are the destructive stage, and commercial preparations of JH mimics are available for use in the control of adult flies, mosquitoes, and fleas and, recently, for cockroach reproduction. However, many pest insects are destructive as larvae. 

Treatments with controlled or modified atmospheres based on CO2 and nitrogen N2 offer an alternative to fumigation with toxic gases for insect pest control in all durable commodities, but usually at an increased cost as compared with conventional chemical treatments. 

Silverstein, R.M. 1981. Pheromones background and potential for use in insect pest control. Science, 213, 1326-1331. 

Tripathi, A.K., Prajapati, V., Khanuja, S.P.S., and Kumar, S. 2002. Chitin synthesis inhibitors as insect-pest control agents. J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci., 24,104M22. 

USE Antifeeding compounds for insect pest control non -systemic fungicide. 

The book is aimed primarily at university undergraduates, postgraduates and professional chemists who wish to build up their knowledge of terpenoid chemistry. It is intended to serve as a general introduction to the exciting field of terpenoid chemistry. Terpenoids play an important part in all our lives, from perfumes through insect pest control to pharmaceuticals such as steroid hormones and the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The subject therefore also serves to illustrate the importance of chemistry in everyday life. 

OTHER COMMENTS used for cotton insect pest control useful as an acaricide substance may be hazardous to the environment special attention should be given to bees and fish. 

The natural ecosystem maintains a delicate balance between pests and predators. Pest insects can be controlled by the artificial release of predators. One example is a parasitic wasp, Diadegma insulare. The adult female wasp lays eggs in a Plutella xylostella larva and pupates inside the cocoon of the mature larva. This and other insect predators are available commercially, but the usage is limited. Protozoa and nematodes are also used in insect pest control. One example of a protozoan that effectively infects locusts and controls the population is Nosema locustae. A commercially available nematode insect control agent is Steinemema carpocapsae. This nematode parasitizes scarab larvae with a symbiotic Photorhabdus bacterium that produces insecticidal toxins. 

Some essential oils are not only insecticidal but also possess strong phytotoxic effects. In many cases, this would be considered a serious drawback to the use of these essential oils for insect pest control however, this also opens the door to the use of some oils as herbicides. Although few studies have addressed this herbicidal activity, work completed by Tworkoski [25] demonstrated that the... 

Boulter, D. (1993). Insect pest control by copying nature using genetically engineered crops. Phytochemistry 34,1453-1466. 

Need for Less Toxic Insect Pest Control Strategies... 

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