Insecticides botanical

Pyrethrin is an extract from several types of chrysanthemum, and is one of the oldest insecticides used by humans. There are six esters and acids associated with this botanical insecticide. Pyrethrin is applied at low doses and is considered to be nonpersistent. 

Mammalian toxicity to pyrethrins is quite low, apparently due to its rapid breakdown by liver microsomal enzymes and esterases. The acute LD50 to rats is about 1500 mg/kg. The most frequent reaction to pyrethrins is contact dermatitis and allergic respiratory reactions, probably as a result of other constituents in the formulation. Synthetic mimics of pyrethrins, known as the pyrethroids, were developed to overcome the lack of persistence. 

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Chlorinated hydrocarbons Cholinesterase inhibitors Botanical insecticides... 

Mahmoud MF. Combining the botanical insecticides NSK extract, NeemAzal T 5%, Neemix 4.5% and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinemema feltiae Cross N33 to control the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). Plant Protect Sci. 2007 43 19-25. 

Further, by virtue of their larger livers, the R fish have a greater xenobiotic biotransformation potential. However, the in vivo studies show few consistent differences in metabolism between the two populations. Biotransformation may be a major contributory factor in mosquitofish resistance to other pesticides, for example, organophosphorus and botanical insecticides, since the level of resistance to these chemicals is very low (4 fold or less) 08,20,21). However, biotransformation does not appear to play a major role in organochlorine insecticide resistance. 

The seeds from the Indian neem tree, Azadirachta indica, are the source of two types of neem-derived botanical insecticides neem oil and medium polarity extracts. Neem seeds contain numerous azadirachtin (Fig. 9) analogs, but the major form is azadirachtin and the remaining minor analogs are likely to contribute little to the overall efficacy of the extracts. Typically, solvent partitions or other chemical processes are required to concentrate this active ingredient to the level of 10% to 50% seen in the technical grade material used to produce commercial products. 

Isman MB, Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasing regulated world, Annu Rev Entomol 51 45—66, 2006. 

Scott IM, Jensen H, Scott JG, Isman MB, Arnason JT, Philogene BJR, Botanical insecticides for controlling agricultural pests Piperamides and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae), Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 54 212—225, 2003. 

Era of Hormone Mimics and Pheromones, Rebirth of Botanical Insecticide ... 

There are six botanical insecticides currently available on the market. These are pyrethrum, nicotine, rotenone, azadirachtin, sabadilla, and ryania. Pyrethrum has been described earlier. 

Dietary a-pinene causes southern armyworm larvae to become more tolerant to the botanical insecticide, nicotine. Enhanced tolerance to synthetic insecticides also has been demonstrated in phytophagous insects fed plants capable of inducing microsomal monooxygenase activity. Variegated cutworm larvae fed peppermint leaves are more tolerant of the insecticides carbaryl, acephate, methomyl, and malathion than larvae fed snap bean leaves. Increased tolerance for carbaryl and methomyl also has been observed in larvae of the cabbage looper and alfalfa looper (Autographa califomica) fed peppermint plants instead of their favored host plants, broccoli and alfalfa. 

Botanical insecticides, such as neem and ryania, also are allowed in organic production, but as with all insecticides, they should be used only as a last resort. Although these materials are naturally based, some materials may affect natural enemies. 

Nicotine (1) is an old insecticide which acts on the postsynaptic nAChR. This botanic insecticide t pears to have interested a few chemists as a lead for a new insecticide. More than 30 years ago Yamamoto recognized the 3-pyridylmethyl amine residue as the essential part for the insecticidal activity by referring to the model of nAChR agonists by Beers and Reich [4], and prepared quite a number of 3-pyridylmethylamines [5,6]. Nicotine, being an acetylcholine mimic, can bind to the receptor by two elements (a) a... 

Species in the genera Azadirachta and Melia are used to manufacture botanical insecticides. Seeds of the... 

Protection Offered Use homemade sticky traps to catch and control adult cherry fruit flies in cherry orchards. You can also use them as monitoring tools to help you decide if and when to apply botanical insecticides. 

Many botanical insecticides, including pyrethrin, are broad-spectrum pesticides that kill a wide range of insects. Beneficials are often included among the dead. Also, spraying recklessly for one pest may result in the development of secondary pests. When you spray a broad-spectrum pesticide that also kills off many beneficials, some pest that survives the spraying and is now unchecked by a natural... 

Use organically acceptable sprays and dusts with restraint. Some, especially botanical insecticides, present the same risks to the dynamic living community in your garden as do. synthetic poisons. Use them too freely, and you may face the problem known as pest resurgence. In other words, you kill off some pests and most of their predators, and the... 

Some botanical insecticides are made by grinding raw plant materials, such as flowers, roots, stems, or seeds. Others are extracted from plant materials, then refined, purified, and packaged for sale. 

Piperonyl butoxide, also called PBO, is a common synergist used with botanical insecticides such as pyrethrin and citrus oils. PBO is sufficiently toxic that it was recently recognized as a pesticide itself. When used frequently at high concentrations, PBO may affect the human nervous system. For this reason, many organic certification programs prohibit the use of pesticides that contain PBO... 

Unlike most botanical insecticides, neem also has somewhat of a systemic" effect. This means that plants can take up neem extracts through their roots and leaves, spreading the... 

Precautions Quassia was once used as a substitute for hops in making beer, and it has long been used as a medicinal herb, so it appears to be fairly safe to use. It is one of the few botanical insecticides that seems to go easy on the beneficials like lady beetles and honeybees. 

For many years, botanical insecticides have been a mainstay in the arsenal of organic pest control products. As a group, botanicals share one advantage over synthetic chemical pesticides They usually break down within a few days after they are applied. This means that beneficial species are at risk for only a relatively short period. There s also less likelihood of long-term environmental contamination. Plus, botanicals are less likely to persist os residues on harvested food. 

Ryanodine is the active, insecticidal ingredient of a tropical shrub Ryania speciosa). For years, this botanical insecticide has been recommended for use against citrus thrips, corn earworms, European corn borers, codling moths, and a variety of other pests. However, ryania is also quite toxic to mammals and water life. For this reason, it s better to rely on safer pest control measures,. such as iasecticidal soap, neem, or pyrethrin. 

This powerful botanical insecticide has been used to control a variety of garden pests, including aphids, flea beetles, tarnished plant bugs, and thrips. Unfortunately, sabadilla is also moderately toxic to mammals and causes violent allergic reactions in susceptible in-... 

Complete directions on how, when, and where to use preventive methods, insect traps and barriers, biocontrols, homemade remedies, botanical insecticides, and more... 

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