Insects sprays

Kerosene is also used as a solvent for herbicides and insect sprays. However, most ol the kerosene fraction in crude oils is used to make Diesel engine fuel and aviation jet fuel. 

All travelers to endemic areas should be advised to remain in well-screened areas, to wear clothes that cover most of the body, and sleep in mosquito nets. Travelers should adhere to malaria chemoprophylaxis regimens and carry the insect repellant DEET (N, N,-diethylmetatoluamide) or other insect sprays containing DEET for use in mosquito-infested areas. 

At first, Geigy s biologists were puzzled because the insects sprayed with DDT did not die immediately. Accustomed to the quick action of pyrethrum and rotenone, they dismissed Muller s discovery as unimportant. They did not realize that DDT s long period of activity could be far more important than sheer speed. In the parlance of insecticides, DDT had slow knockdown but sure kill. Surfaces sprayed with DDT in 1941 and stored under dust-free laboratory conditions were still toxic to insects seven years later. 

DDT enters an insect by dissolving the thin layer of fatty substances that repel water from the creature s waxy outer skin. Penetrating the layer, DDT reaches the insect s nerve endings and gradually paralyzes vital nerve centers. After a short period of extraordinary excitement, insects sprayed with DDT become progressively paralyzed, fall on their backs, and die. Later, it was learned that DDT allows sodium ions to enter insect tissue through voltage-sensitive channels and make the nerves fire uncontrollably. Because animals and people absorb much less sodium in their tissues, DDT is selectively toxic to insects. 

Aerosols. A suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas. Aerosols generally refer to a packaging technique for gaseous products in sealed, pressurized containers. Aerosols consist of product, propellant, and the package. The contained product may be in the form of solution, emulsion, or suspension, and can be dispersed by merely opening a valve. Propellants are typically CO2, N2O, and N2. Typical uses include hair sprays, shaving soaps, pairits, insect sprays, and deodorants. 

The pyrethrins are valuable insecticidal components of pyrethrum flowers, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (= Tanacetum cinerariifolium) (Compositae/Asteraceae). The flowers are harvested just before they are fully expanded, and usually processed to an extract. Pyrethrum cultivation is conducted in East Africa, especially Kenya, and more recently in Ecuador and Australia. The natural pyrethrins are used as a constituent of insect sprays for household use and as post-harvest insecticides, having a rapid action on the nervous system of insects, whilst being biodegradable and non-toxic to mammals, though they are toxic to fish and amphibians. This biodegradation, initiated by air and light, means few insects develop resistance to the pyrethrins, but it does limit the lifetime of the insecticide under normal conditions to just a few hours. 

Insect-spray Aliphatic hydrocarbons (C4-C12), branched alkanes, 8 cycloalkanes, tetramethrin, D-phenothrin, piperonylbutoxid... 

In the indoor environment, many types of products such as crystals, sprays and liquids are applied for active and preventative protection of insects. Insect sprays are particularly popular because they are easy to handle and can be combined with air fresheners. Commonly, the amount of active agents in these products is well below 2%. For example, a commercially available insecticide for indoor use may contain 0.25% tetramethrin, 0.05% D-phenothrin and 1% of the synergist pipero-nyl butoxide. Pyrethroids are also used as active agents in liquid products against furniture beetle. In addition, materials containing natural fibers are often equipped with synthetic pyrethroids as a precaution. Apart from the active ingredients, volatile components such as acetone, aliphatic hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, branched alkanes C3-benzenes and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether are usually present in insecticides. 

A solution formulation is the true solution containing the toxicant and solvent, which can be used directly without further dilution. Solutions can be used for household insect sprays, roadside weed eradication, and rangeland spraying, whenever phytotoxicity is not a problem. In these cases, the toxicant can be dissolved in a low-cost solvent such as kerosene or fuel oil. Solutions do not contain surfactants, because the solvent wets the target readily. 

Pesticides may be periodically inttoduced into indoor air by direct application (e.g. insect sprays and bombs, disinfectant sprays and room deodorizers). In addition, there are often sources that continually emit vapors into the living space (e.g. continuous evaporation of residues from crack and crevice treatments and emissions from pest-control strips or other devices). Whether used inside the home or office, or outside on the lawn or garden, pesticides accumulate on indoor surfaces, especially in carpet dust, and also in upholstery and in or on children s toys (Lewis et al 1994b, 1999 Simcox et al., 1995 Nishioka et al 1996, 1999 Gurunathan et al., 1998). 

Oil solutions may be used as roadside weed sprays, for marshes and standing pools to control mosquito larvae, in fogging machines for mosquito and fly abatement programs, or for household insect sprays purchased in supermarkets. Commercially they may be sold as oil concentrates of the pesticide to be diluted with kerosene or diesel fuel before application or in the dilute, ready-to-use form. In either case, the compound is dissolved in oil and is applied as an oil spray it contains no emulsifier or wetting agent. 

Stalks and/or leaves with chewed holes. Causes Caterpillars Japanese beetles. Ignore damage unless it is severe. Handpick insects. Spray plants with BTK if caterpillars are feeding. Protect plants with row cover early in the spring if caterpillars or beetles have been a problem in the past. 

Control Spray superior oil in the spring plant cover crops to attract native predatory insects spray insecticidal soap. 

Most other insect sprays and powders kill by being absorbed through the sldn. Some of them are Malathion, Parathion, Chlordane and Lindane. 

In W. Europe, SNPE Pennwalt, Holland and A.H. Marks and Co. Ltd. produce DNOC, which has applications as a highly phytotoxic dormant insect spray, primarily for application on potatoes. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES Inhalation (indoor air pest strips, insect sprays) occupational exposure. 

Chlorpyrifos, 45% liquid Sprayed liquid Kill flic.s. mo.squitoes. flying insects Sprayed in corners, crack.s, crevices... 

Bcndiocarb, 19% liquid Sprayed powder Kill flie.s. mosquitoes, flying insects Sprayed in comers, cracks, crevices... 

In Southeast Asia, most of the yellow rain attacks were delivered by aircraft or helicopter spray, bombs, and air-to-surface rockets. The attacks were described as a shower of sticky liquid, a yellow cloud of dust or powder, or a mist (like an insect spray).715 The delivery of the trichothecene mycotoxins was similar in many aspects to the spraying of pesticides on agricultural crops. This would result in a very low-efficiency respiratory aerosol (1-5 pm particles)34 but a highly effective droplet aerosol that could cause severe skin and eye irritation. 

Organophosphorus compounds and carbamates, also known more generally as cholinesterase inhibitors, are widely used pesticides that may cause poisonings after accidentai or suicidal exposure. Poisonings are particularly common in rural areas and third-world countries where more potent agents are widely available. Several chemical warfare agents (eg, GA [Tabun], GB [Sarin], GD [Soman], GF, and VX) are extremely potent cholinesterase inhibitors (see p 372 and Table 11-57). Household insect sprays often contain low-potency cholinesterase inhibitors. (Many commercial products also contain solvents such as toluene or xylene that can themselves produce toxic effects in an overdose see p 357). 

Products and Uses A fuel for lanterns, lamps, heaters, flares, and stoves. Used as a degreaser, solvent, cosmetic ingredient, combustible, and in insect sprays. 

Apparently, a can of insect spray is not sufficient when tackling a wasp s nest. Many people like to do the job thoroughly, efficiently, and quickly, but not so safely. Merely light a flame a short distance in front of the spraying insecticide and you have a most effective blowtorch. With wasps, you can never take chances. 

Flit Insect Spray with 6% DOT added 1 week 038 039 Unchanged... 

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