Cytokine expression

Rheumatoid synovial cells produce a broad range of cytokines (Brennan et al., 1991). The formation of IL-la, IL-1 /3, GM-CSF, G-CSF, TNFa and other cytokines may be under the direct influence of ox-LDL and/or 

NF-xB (Section 2.3.6). Additionally, patients with RA have increased concentrations of MCP-1 in their serum and synovial fluid when compared to patients with noninflammatory degenerative joint disease (Koch et al., 1992). Macrophages in the RA synovial lining constitu-tively express MCP-1, unlike normal circulating monocytes. 

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Sorensen TL, Sellebjerg F (2001) Distinct chemokine receptor and cytokine expression profile in secondary progressive MS. Neurology 57 1371-1376 Sorensen TL, Tani M, Jensen J, Pierce V, Lucchinetti C, Folcik VA, Qin S, Rottman J, Sellebjerg F, Strieter RM, Frederiksen JL, Ransohoff RM (1999) Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Invest 103 807-815... 

Lafrenie RM, Wahl LM, Epstein JS, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Activation of monocytes by HIV-Tat treatment is mediated by cytokine expression. J Immunol 1997 159(8) 4077-4083. 

Wang HW, Tedla N, Hunt JE, Wakefield D, McNeil HP. Mast cell accumulation and cytokine expression in the tight skin mouse model of scleroderma. Exp Dermatol 2005 14(4) 295-302. 

Eckmann, C., Jung, EEC., Schurer-Maly, C., Panja, A., Wroblewska, E.M. and Kagnoff, M. (1993) Differential cytokine expression by human intestinal epithelial cell lines regulated expression of IL-8. Gastroenterology 105, 1689-1697. 

Subramanian, G., Kazura, J.W., Pearlman, E., Jia, X., Malhorta, I. and King, C.L. (1997) B7-2 requirement for helminth induced granuloma formation and CD4 type 2 T helper cell cytokine expression. Journal of Immunology 158, 5914-5920. 

Benveniste, E. N. Cytokine expression in the nervous system. In R. W. Keane and W. F. Hickey (eds.), Immunology of the Nervous System. New York Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 419-459. 

Maino, V.C. and Picker, L.J., 1998. Identification of functional subsets by flow cytometry intracellular detection of cytokine expression, Cytometry, 34, 207, 1998. 

Becker, S. M. and McCoy, K. L., Gallium arsenide selectively up-regulates inflammatory cytokine expression at exposure site, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then, 307, 1045, 2003. 

Zhou, H. R. et al. Amplified proinflammatory cytokine expression and toxicity in mice coexposed to lipopolysaccharide and the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 57, 115, 1999. 

Laye, S. et al. Endogenous brain IL-1 mediates LPS-induced anorexia and hypothalamic cytokine expression. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279, R93, 2000. 

Pirenne-Ansart, H., et al. Defective cytokine expression but adult-type T-cell receptor, CD8, and p561ck modulation in CD3- or CD2-activated T cells from neonates, Pediatr. Res., 37, 64, 1995. 

GC regulate a wide variety of immune cell functions. GC modulate cytokine expression, adhesion molecule expression and immune cell trafficking, immune cell maturation and differentiation, expression of chemoattractants and cell migration, and production of inflammatory mediators and other inflammatory molecules [35], At pharmacological concentrations, GC are routinely used as immunosuppressive therapeutic agents in many acute and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, in transplant patients and in the treatment of leukemias and lymphomas [reviewed in 29].. 

Ulrich, P. et al., Cytokine expression profiles during murine contact allergy T helper 2 cytokines are expressed irrespective of the type of contact allergen. Arch. Toxicol., 75,470, 2001. 

In addition to its effects on haematopoietic cells, GM-CSF can also affect the function of mature cells. GM-CSF treatment increases the survival, cytotoxicity and eicosanoid formation by eosinophils, and can increase the tu-mouricidal activity, cytokine expression, surface antigen expression and oxidative metabolism of macrophages. It is chemotactic for endothelial cells, can induce the proliferation of some tumour cells, stimulates histamine release from basophils and affects the viability and function of Langerhans cells. Its effects on mature neutrophils are described in 7.2.1, 7.3.4. 

IL-6 expression can be activated in neutrophils upon exposure to GM-CSF and TNF, whilst IL-3, G-CSF, y-interferon and lymphotoxin do not induce expression of this cytokine. Expression of IL-6 has been identified by analysis of mRNA levels and by protein analysis. Following GM-CSF exposure, expression is detectable by 2 h, maximal by 6 h and then returns to base-line levels. LPS, PMA (but not fMet-Leu-Phe) and cycloheximide also induce IL-6 transcripts. The finding that this protein-synthesis inhibitor increases mRNA levels suggests either that transcription is regulated by a short-lived repressor, or else that decay of its mRNA may be regulated by a short-lived RNase. 

IL-8, like the other cytokines described above, is not constitutively expressed by blood neutrophils, but its expression may be rapidly induced upon adherence to plastic or by exposure to factors such as LPS (10 ng/ml), TNF-a (20 ng/ml) and IL-l/J (20 ng/ml). The stimulants C5a, fMet-Leu-Phe and LTB4 do not by themselves induce expression, but they synergise with LPS in induction of expression of this cytokine. Expression is detectable both by increases in mRNA levels and by induction of the protein. 

Thiele B, Brink I, Ploch M. (1994). Modulation of cytokine expression by hypericum extract. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 7(suppl 1) S60-62. 

To characterize IRIV-elicited immune responses in vitro, we addressed cell proliferation and cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures, as well as IRIV effects on dendritic cells (DC). In all experiments, PBMC were obtained from healthy donors and, if needed, further separated into different cell subsets. Finally, cells were cultured in the presence or absence of IRIV as indicated. 

IRIV Induce a Cytokine Expression Profile Consistent with a T Helper 1 Response... 

Adjuvants enhancing HLA class I-restricted CTL responses are especially needed for treatment or prevention of chronic viral diseases and infections linked to intracellular pathogens, and for cancer immunotherapy. Among the very few adjuvants licensed for human use, we evaluated the capacity of IRIV to enhance HLA class I-restricted CTL responses in vitro. We addressed IRIV-elicited immune responses and the induction of CTL specific to IM58 66 and Melan-A/Mart-127-35 epitopes. Proliferation assays, cytokine expression studies, and phenotypes of CD4+ T-cells demonstrated that IRIV... 

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