Chronic inflammatory process

In collaboration with PA Baeuerle (Freibuig), active NF-xB has been detected immunohistochemically in rheumatoid synovium by using a polyclonal antibody directed against the Rel-A NLS subunit of NF-xB (M.L. Kus, unpublished observations). The antibody employed in these studies was considered to be activity specific because IxB sterically masks the NLS sequence. NF-xB activation by ROM in the rheumatoid joint may orchestrate some of the chronic inflammatory processes characteristic of this disease. It is plausible that lL-1 and TNFo generated in the inflamed synovium as well as the up-regulated expression of adhesion molecules may be under the influence of NF-xB. 

The three recurrent theories proposed are the incessant-ovulation hypothesis, the pituitary gonadotropin hypothesis, and the chronic inflammatory processes hypothesis.2,31 The incessant-ovulation hypothesis proposes that the pathogenesis of ovarian... 

There is also some evidence suggesting that chronic inflammatory processes and various environmental carcinogens play a role.2,13... 

Acnte meningitis and encephalitis Chronic inflammatory processes Inflammatory polynenritis Meningeal blastomatosis Atrophying, degenerative processes Space-occupying processes... 

During the course of chronic inflammatory processes of the central nervous system, the concentration of neopterin and /32-microglobulin probably reflects microglial activation and the extent of the intraparenchymal macrophage activation. Thus, as reported in one study (M4), patients with HIV infection without clinical neurological symptoms showed an inflammatory CSF reaction with an increase in /32-microglobulin and most notably in neopterin. Patients with HIV had higher values than did asymptomatic ones. 

Humoral Immune Response in Chronic Inflammatory Processes. The specificity of the diagnostically relevant intrathecal antibodies depends on the underlying cause of the disorder. In the case of chronic infective processes, the antibodies are exclusively targeted against the causative organism (F5). Increased IgC levels are found in about 30% of patients with chronic meningitis or encephalitis from various causes, such as bacteria, virus and protozoa, and in diseases like polyradiculitis, sarcoidosis, and chronic myelopathy (LI). 

Recent evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process. The recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes and formation of intimal macrophage-rich lesions at specific sites of the arterial tree are key events in atherogenesis. Alterations of chemotactic and adhesive properties of the endothelium play an important role in this process [82]. Quercetin has been reported to inhibit the expression in glomerular cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [83] a potent chemoattractant for circulating monocytes. Red wine reduced MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression in abdominal aorta of cholesterol fed rabbits after balloon injury and this effect was associated with a reduced neointimal hyperplasia [84]. The antioxidant-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor k B (NFkB) and the subsequent non selective reduction of cytokine transcription have been suggested to be responsible for these effects [83]. Additionally, quercetin downregulated both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- and tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa)-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in human endothelial cells [86]. 

The understanding of atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory process represents an interesting paradigmatic shift. 

Signs of inflammation w ere found in schizophrenic brains (Korschenhausen et al., 1996), and the term mild localized chronic encephalitis to describe a slight but chronic inflammatory process in schizophrenia w as proposed (Bechter et al., 2003). 

Piecemeal necrosis This is the fundamental element of a progressive, chronic-inflammatory process. The necrosis is brought about by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which may be located within a recess of the hepatocyte (=... 

The complex mechanisms underlying inflammation control and its implication in various pathologies have been delineated in this overview. The full comprehension of these mechanisms is necessary to indicate a path for experimenting new treatments for the control of inflammation. The challenge being that of controlling chronic inflammatory processes, at the basis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. 

Two commonly used models to detect anti-inflammatory activity are carrageenan-induced paw edema and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. The former represents an acute and the latter a chronic inflammatory process. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents inhibit the formation of carrageenan-induced paw edema. However, to detect activity in the developing and established phases of chronic inflammation, the polyarthritis model is well accepted. In both tests the measured endpoint is volume of the hind paw. This is done by immersing the hind paw in the well of a mercury displacement... 

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a potent neutrophil and lymphocyte chemotactic cytokine It is one of a family of 13 human CXC chemokines [244]. These small basic heparin binding proteins are proinflammatory and mainly involved in the initiation and amplification of acute inflammatory reactions and in chronic inflammatory processes. In the urinary tract infection model, the epithelial cells of the renal tract were shown to secrete chemokines and IL-8 was identified as the main chem-okine involved in transepithelial neutrophil migration. Urinary levels of immunoreactive IL-8 may be elevated... 

The potential contribution of cytokines to the chronic inflammatory process of asthma has been made possible mainly by looking for the presence of cytokines using immunohistochemical techniques on airway mucosal tissues obtained from the proximal airways of patients with asthma. In addition, localization of cytokine mRNA by in situ hybridization or its detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has also been used, although expression of mRNA may not necessarily mean that the protein is produced. The exact contribution of individual cytokines can best be surmised from studies of their effect in cells in vitro or in animals, particularly with the use of blocking antibodies, although extrapolation to the situation in disease must be made with some caution. 

Acute inflammation is a beneflcial, nonspeciflc response of tissues to injury and generally leads to repair and restoration of the normal structure and function. In contrast, asthma represents a chronic inflammatory process of the airways followed by healing. The end result may be an altered structure referred to as a remodeling of the airways Repair involves replacement of injured tissue by parenchymal cells of the same type and replacement by connective tissue and its maturation into scar tissue. In asthma, the repair process can be followed by complete or altered restitution of airways structure and function, presenting as fibrosis and an increase in smooth muscle and mucus gland mass. ... 

The anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. cocos against some acute and chronic inflammatory processes was established recently. It reduced the TPA-induced edema (80% inhibition at 0.5 mg/ear), but its effect was milder against the AA-induced ear edema (40% inhibition at 0.5 mg/ear). When the extract was assayed in chronic experimental model of inflammation, it caused a 53% reduction in ear thickness together with a 73% decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which shows that leukocyte infiltration into the inflammation site could be prevented by a repeated dose of 1 mg/ear. The main constituents isolated from the extract were identified as pachymic and dehydrotumulosic acids. Topical administration of these lanostanes inhibited the TPA-induced edema with ID50 of 2.48 and 0.31 pg/ear, respectively. Reasons for the greater activity of dehydrotumulosic acid... 

Jean Ann Tonich. Jean Ann Tonich s signs and symptoms, as well as () her laboratory profile, were consistent with the presence of mild reversible alcohol-induced hepatocellular inflammation (alcohol-induced hepatitis) superimposed on a degree of irreversible scarring of liver tissues known as chronic alcoholic (Laennec s) cirrhosis of the liver. The chronic inflammatory process associated with long-term ethanol abuse in patients such as Jean Ann Tonich is accompanied by increases in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Her elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase were consistent with hepatic damage. Her values for ALT and... 

Drugs in this category usually induce healing in chronic inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. These mostly comprise of mildly irritating volatile terpenoid oils and phenolic compounds based on creosote that may be inhaled and augment repair in the inflammed areas of the bronchis. 

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