Cholera

Diarrhea is a common problem that is usually self-limiting and of short duration. Increased accumulations of small intestinal and colonic contents are known to be responsible for producing diarrhea. The former may be caused by increased intestinal secretion which may be enterotoxin-induced, eg, cholera and E. col] or hormone and dmg-induced, eg, caffeine, prostaglandins, and laxatives decreased intestinal absorption because of decreased mucosal surface area, mucosal disease, eg, tropical spme, or osmotic deficiency, eg, disaccharidase or lactase deficiency and rapid transit of contents. An increased accumulation of colonic content may be linked to increased colonic secretion owing to hydroxy fatty acid or bile acids, and exudation, eg, inflammatory bowel disease or amebiasis decreased colonic absorption caused by decreased surface area, mucosal disease, and osmotic factors and rapid transit, eg, irritable bowel syndrome. 

Sulfonamides in combination with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors are of continuing value. Pyrimethamine [58-14-0] (5) in combination with sulfonamides is employed for toxoplasmosis (7), and a trimethoprim (6)-sulfamethoxa2ole preparation is used not only for urinary tract infections but also for bmceUosis, cholera, and malaria. 

Antibiotic LL-E19020a and LL-E19020P are described as useful agents for the treatment of chronic respiratory disease, fowl cholera, and necrotic enteritis in birds (76) and as anthelmintics in monogastric and mminant animals (28). 

Cholera Vaccine USP Package Insert, Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, Pa., 1994. 

A failure to turn off GTP-activated Ga has dire consequences. For example, in the disease cholera, cholera toxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae binds to Ga and prevents GTP hydrolysis, resulting in the continued excretion of sodium and water into the gut. 

Bacteria are smaller than protozoa and are responsible for many diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Pathogenic bacteria range in size from 0.2 to 0.6 /tm, and a 0.2 /tm filter is necessary to prevent transmission. Contamination of water supplies by bacteria is blamed for the cholera epidemics, which devastate undeveloped countries from time to time. Even in the U.S., E. coli is frequently found to contaminated water supplies. Fortunately, E. coli is relatively harmless as pathogens go, and the problem isn t so much with E. coli found, but the fear that other bacteria may have contaminated the water as well. Never the less, dehydration from diarrhea caused by E. coli has resulted in fatalities. 

Pathogenic organisms Bacteria, viruses or cysts which cause disease (typhoid, cholera, dysentery) in a host (such as a person). There are many types of bacteria (non-pathogenic) which do NOT cause disease. Many beneficial bacteria are found in wastewater treatment processes actively cleaning up organic wastes. 

Carnot soon realized that he did not have the temperament of a soldier and in 1818 left the army. After leaving the army Carnot took up residence in his father s former Paris apartment, and was presumably supported by his family whiile he attended classes at Sorbonne, the College de France, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He also frequently visited factories and workshops, both to see steam engines actually in use, and to learn more about the economics of such industrial use of energy. There were rumors that he did at least on a lew occasions receive some consultant s fees for his advise, but there was no clear documentary evidence of this. In 1827 he returned to active militaiy seiwice with the rank of captain, but this lasted only a little more than a year. He resigned in 1828 and died of cholera four years later in Paris. 

Palmer, L. M., and Colwell, R. R. (1991). Detection of luciferase gene sequence in nonluminescent Vibrio cholerae by colony hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57 1286-1293. 

Cation-exchangers 150, 165 Cell organelles 144 Cellulose 137 Cholera toxin 169... 

Protein toxins acting intracellularly are often composed of two subunits (A/B model). One subunit is catalytic (A-subunit) and the other is responsible for binding and cell entry (B-subunit). Following binding to an extracellular membrane receptor, the toxins are endocytosed. From the endosomes, the A-subunit is directly (pH dqDendent) transferred into the cytosol (e.g., diphtheria toxin and anthrax toxin) or the toxin is transported in a retrograde manner via the golgi to the ER (e.g., cholera toxin), where translocation into the cytosol occurs [1]. 

Cholera toxin, heat labile coli toxins Gs proteins ADP-ribosylation Activation of adenylate cyclase (cholera, traveler -d iarrhea)... 

Cholera toxin is a protein toxin of Vibrio choleme. Toxin ADP-ribosylates the a-subunit of the Gs heterotrimeric... 

Cholera toxin-induced diarrhoea 2. Increased AEA levels after administration of cholera toxin to mice, a model of diarrhoea, exert anti-secretory action in the small intestine 2. Inhibitors of cellular reuptake... 

The tetracyclines are a group of anti-infectives composed of natural and semisynthetic compounds. They are useful in select infections when die organism shows sensitivity (see Chap. 7) to the tetracyclines, such as in cholera, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and typhus. 

An example of the use of an attenuated virus is the administration of the measles vaccine to an individual who has not had measles. The m easles (rubeola) vaccine contains the live, attenuated measles virus. The individual receiving the vaccine develops a mild or modified measles infection, which then produces immunity against the rubeola virus. The measles vaccine protects 95% of the recipients for several years or, for some individuals, for life. An example of a killed virus used for immunization is the cholera vaccine. This vaccine protects those who receive the vacdne for about 3 to 6 months. 

Immunization against cholera in individuals traveling to or living in countries where cholera is endemic or epidemic... 

In many ways, both Canada and the United States continue to be involved in a unique experiment of co-operative management of serious environmental issues which plague a shared international resource. Despite the institutional complexity and the history of abuse that man s activities have wrought on the Great Lakes, the experiment to restore and protect them has had several successes typhoid and cholera were eradicated eutrophication problems are now largely under control and where adequate control programs for toxic chemicals have been implemented and enforced (e.g., mercury, DDT, PCBs), there have been associated declines in concentrations in the lakes. These successes have been due in no small way to the spirit of co-operation that has continued to exist between Canada and the United States and the unique institutional arrangements entered into by the two countries. 

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