Vibrio cholerae infection with

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the main cause of TD in Latin America, whereas in Asia it is reported in only 15% of cases. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains are recorded with even less frequency. ETEC is isolated in 0 to 5% of cases. Symptoms of poisoning develop after 16 hours from consumption of contaminated water, salads, cheeses, or meats. The outgrowth of ETEC rods takes place in a patient s gastrointestinal tract, where they produce thermostable and thermolabile toxins that imitate Vibrio cholerae infections. Stimulation of intestinal guanylcyclase and interruption of ion transport leads to watery stools, which do not require medical treatment or only need simple replacement of fluids and salts by means of multielectrolyte solutions. If a co-infection with EIEC strains occurs, the symptoms of enteritis will develop, with the presence of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and mucous in stools due to a cytotoxic influence of bacteria (Butterton and Claderwood, 2001). 

Duan, R, March, J.C., 2008. Interrupting Vibrio cholerae infection of human epithelial cells with engineered commensal bacterial signaling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 101,128-134. 

Bacteria are likely precipitants in many other cases including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium difficile. The term dysentery has often been used to describe some of these bacterial infections when associated with serious occurrences of bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute diarrheal conditions can be prompted by parasites-protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Most of these infectious agents can be causes of traveler s diarrhea, a common malady alflicting travelers worldwide. It usually occurs during or just after travel subsequent to the ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water. It has an abrupt onset but usually subsides within 2 to 3 days. 

West BC, Silberman R, Otterson WN. Acalculous cholecystitis and septicemia caused by non-Ol Vibrio cholerae first reported case and review of biliary infections with Vibrio cholerae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998 30(3) 187-91. 

Cholera results from an intestinal infection with the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio choleras that causes a debilitating, and even deadly, diarrhea. Successful treatment of cholera requires effective rehydration with solutions of glucose and salts (Kaper et ai, 1995). Administration of antibiotics decreases the duration of disease (Kaper et a/., 1995) vaccines are only partially effective. Koch, who first described Vibrio cholerae as the causative agent of cholera, suggested that it was a toxin-mediated disease (Koch, 1884). Over a half-century later, the existence of cholera toxin (CT) was demonstrated in cell-free culture filtrates (De, 1959 Dutta eta/., 1959) a decade later, purification of the protein toxin was achieved (Finkelstein and LoSpalluto, 1969). 

Acheson, D.W., Levine, M.M., Kaper, J.B. and Keusch, G.T. (1996) Protective immunity to Shiga-like toxin I following oral immunization with Shiga-Uke toxin I B-subunit-producing Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR. Infect Immun, 64, 355-357. 

Comstock, L.E., Maneval, D., Jr., Panigrahi, P., Joseph, A., Levine, M.M., Kaper, J.B., Morris, J.G., Johnson, J.A. 1995. Capsule and O antigen in Vibrio cholerae 0139 Bengal are associated with a genetic region not present in Vibrio choleraeOl. Infect. Immun. 63 317-323. 

Typhoid fever and similar salmonellal infections are usually considered the prime indications for the use of chloramphenicol. It is also employed in acute infections due to Heamophilus influenzae, including meningitis attributed to ampicillin-resistant strains. It also find its enormous applications in topical infections of eye and skin. It has also been used to eradicate vibrios from patients with cholera. It is employed for rickettsial infections like typhus and Rocky Mountain spottedfever. 

Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe. Approximately one in 20 infected persons has severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours. 

The apparent ease with which cholera vibrios migrate through the intestinal mucus suggests that there is little permanent adhesion of the bacterium to this layer. Microscopical examination of cholera-infected rabbit intestine reveals large numbers of vibrios attached to the brush border surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells, but no evidence of fimbriae can be seen. There appear to be at least two highly specific receptors for the cholera vibrio on the mucosal surface, one of which is fucose-sensitive and located on the brush border epithelium. The location of the second fucose-resistant binding site is unclear. V. cholerae, like many other vibrios, produce a protein-rich slime capsule. There is no evidence that this layer has any adhesive properties, indeed the reverse may be true, since slime production and haemagglutinating activities are inversely related. 

Olivier, V., Haines III, G.K., Tan, Y. Satchell, K.J. Hemolysin and the multifunctional autoprocessing RtX toxin are virulence factors during intestinal infection of mice with Vibrio cholerae El Tor 01 strains. Infect. Immun. 75, 5035-5042 (2007). 

Cholera is a serious infection causing epidemics throughout Asia. Although a toxin-mediated disease, largely controlled with replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses, tetracycline has proved effective in eliminating the causative vibrio from the bowel, thereby abbreviating the course of the illness and reducing the total fluid and electrolyte losses. 

Four persons were reported with non-wound associated Vibrio infections (2 in Mississippi, 1 in Louisiana, and 1 displaced from Louisiana to Arizona). Information on the Vibrio species and clinical illness was available for two of these patients the species were nontoxigenic V. cholerae isolated from patients with gastroenteritis. One of the infections occurred in a 2-month-old boy with diarrhea whose stool culture yielded both Salmonella group C2 and V. cholerae non-01, non-0139. 

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