Cholera Immune response

Rotavirus enterotoxin protein NSP4 fused to CTB Potato Fusion proteins assembled into cholera holo-toxin-like structures that retained enterocyte-binding affinity Orally immunized mice generated levels of serum and mucosal antibodies specific for the native antigen. Induced TH1 immune response. 63,64... 

Lian, T., T. Bui, and R.J. Ho, Formulation of HFV-envelope protein with lipid vesicles expressing ganglioside GMl associated to cholera toxin B enhances mucosal immune responses. Vaccine, 1999. 18(7-8) 604-11. 

Gagliardi MC, Sallusto F, Marinaro M, Vendetti S, Riccomi A, De Magistris MT Effects of the adjuvant cholera toxin on dendritic cells Stimulatory and inhibitory signals that result in the amplification of immune responses. Int J Med Microbiol 2002 291 571-575. 

Intravaginal vaccination with whole cell and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) oral cholera vaccine provided a greater success rate in providing a mucosal immune response in the female genital tract than an oral vaccination [152]. This study demonstrated that in a single individual, systemic immunity did not directly reflect the local antibody response in the mucosal... 

Newton SMC, Jacob CO, Stocker BAD, Immune response to cholera toxin epitope inserted in Salmonella flaggelin, Science, 244 70-72, 1989. 

The discovery of vaccines for smallpox, cholera, and typhoid and the variety of vaccines now available have led to a significant reduction in the mortality and morbidity due to many diseases, with smallpox being the first to have been completely eradicated and poliomyelitis targeted to be the next. At present, the World Health Organization is working toward the complete elimination of poliomyelitis throughout the world [188,189], However, since Jenner discovered the vaccine for smallpox more than two centuries ago [190], only some 50 vaccines have been approved for use, and few additional vaccines have been discovered. Most of those in current use are administered parenterally they can induce only a systemic immune response, not mucosal immunity. Obviously the latter is very important in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, be they due to viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens that attack via the mucosal surfaces [190],... 

Holmgren J, Czerkinsky C, Lycke N, et al. (1994) Strategies for the induction of immune responses at mucosal surfaces making use of cholera toxin B subunit as immunogen, carrier, and adjuvant. In Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50 42-54. 

McKenzie SJ, Halsey JF (1984) Cholera toxin B subunit as a carrier protein to stimulate a mucosal immune response. In J. Immunol. 133 1818-1824. 

Guiding M, Nordstrom I, Kilander A, et al. (1991) Intestinal immune responses in humans. Oral cholera vaccination induces strong intestinal antibody responses and interferon-y production and evokes local immunological memory. In J. Clin. Invest. 88 143-148. 

Yellow fever vaccine may be administered simultaneously with all other vaccines except cholera a 3-week interval between vaccines is recommended. Simultaneous administration of immunoglobulin does not interfere with the immune response to this agent. 

Cholera toxin (including the nontoxic B chain, CTB) is a potent immune response adjuvant, and fusion of antigens to CTB enhances the binding and effectiveness of antigens. An insulin-CTB fusion protein produced from bacteria has proved difficult to purify, however potato-based expression of such a fusion protein has been successful and oral administration shown to reduce inflammation of the pancreas in diabetic mice [75],... 

The cholera-protective response is mainly directed against LPS. The VcOl Ogawa polysaccharide was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The immune response exerted was very robust reinforcing the confidence in an LPS-based conjugate vaccine. 

The capacity of adjuvants to stimulate cytokine production by APCs is important for the initiation of the immune response. As indicated above, ISCOMs induce inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 from macrophages or monocytes. Compared with adjuvants known as IL-1 inducers, the formulation denominated QH-7.0.3 flu-ISCOMs was as efficient as the most potent IL-1 inducer, i.e. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and superior to cholera toxin and muramyldipeptide [46]. Furthermore, flu-Ag in ISCOMs-primed T cells had the capacity to secrete high concentrations of IL-2 and IFNy after antigen stimulation in vitro. 

Vaccine adjuvants Plasmid vaccines that can successfully elicit humoral and cellular immune response have the potential to provide safer alternatives than live viral or heat-killed bacterial vaccines. Therapeutically relevant immune response is attainable with adjuvants such as cholera toxin and lipid A delivered using cationic nanoparticles by topical and subcutaneous administration, respectively [45]. Additionally, protein-based vaccines may be encapsulated in pH sensitive polymers, where low pH in the phagosomes of antigen-presenting cells disrupt the vectors to release vaccines [ 37]. 

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