Vibrio cholerae infections

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the main cause of TD in Latin America, whereas in Asia it is reported in only 15% of cases. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains are recorded with even less frequency. ETEC is isolated in 0 to 5% of cases. Symptoms of poisoning develop after 16 hours from consumption of contaminated water, salads, cheeses, or meats. The outgrowth of ETEC rods takes place in a patient s gastrointestinal tract, where they produce thermostable and thermolabile toxins that imitate Vibrio cholerae infections. Stimulation of intestinal guanylcyclase and interruption of ion transport leads to watery stools, which do not require medical treatment or only need simple replacement of fluids and salts by means of multielectrolyte solutions. If a co-infection with EIEC strains occurs, the symptoms of enteritis will develop, with the presence of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and mucous in stools due to a cytotoxic influence of bacteria (Butterton and Claderwood, 2001). 

Baudry B, Fasano A, Ketley J, Kaper JB (1992) Cloning of a gene (zot) encoding a new toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. Infect Immun 60 428-434... 

Two Cases of Vibrio cholerae Infection After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita—January 20,2006... 

Ryan, E.T. Crean, T.I. John, M. Butterton, J.R. Clements, J.D. Calderwood, S.B. Vivo expression and immunoadjuvancy of a mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli in vaccine and vector strains of vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67, 1694—1701. 

Chen, Y., Johnson, J.A., Pusch, G.D., Morris, J.G., Stine, O.C. 2007. The genome of non-Ol Vibrio cholerae NRT36S demonstrates the presence of pathogenic mechanisms that are distinct from Ol Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 75 2645-2647. 

Novel Bacteriophage Therapies for Vibrio Cholerae Infection... 

Duan, R, March, J.C., 2008. Interrupting Vibrio cholerae infection of human epithelial cells with engineered commensal bacterial signaling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 101,128-134. 

Some of the pathogens in Table 2, infect only humans (e.g., Vibrio cholerae. Salmonella typhi. Shigella dysenteriae, poliovirus, hepatitis A virus), whereas others, known as zoonotic, infect both humans and animals Salmonella no thypi. Shigella no dysenteriae, Campylobacter, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli such as for example the biotype 0157 H7, Cryptosporidium, etc.). The control of those that only infect humans is easier than the control of the zoonotic ones. Thus, some of them (S, typhi, S. dysenteriae, poliovirus, etc.) have practically been eradicated in many developed countries, whereas the eradication, and even the control below certain levels, of the zoonotic ones is a very difficult task. 

Bacteria are likely precipitants in many other cases including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium difficile. The term dysentery has often been used to describe some of these bacterial infections when associated with serious occurrences of bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute diarrheal conditions can be prompted by parasites-protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Most of these infectious agents can be causes of traveler s diarrhea, a common malady alflicting travelers worldwide. It usually occurs during or just after travel subsequent to the ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water. It has an abrupt onset but usually subsides within 2 to 3 days. 

People of blood type O are more susceptible to El Tor vibrios than people of other blood types.18 Inoculum size affects the likelihood and severity of cholera infection. The infectious dose is lower in patients who are taking antacids owing to the neutralization of gastric acid.19... 

Diarrhea Enteric infections Escherichia coli Cryptosporidium Shigella Vibrio cholerae Clostridium difficile Salmonella... 

Guerrant RL, Brunton LL, Schnaitman RC, Rebhun LI, Gilman AG Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and alteration of Chinese hamster ovary cell morphology A rapid, sensitive in vitro assay for the entertoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1974 10 320-327. 

Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, Sanyal SC, Alam K. (1987) Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis 155 979-984. 

Holmgren, J., Svennerholm, A. M., and Lindblad, M. (1983). Receptor-hke glycocompounds in human milk that inhibit classical and El Tor Vibrio cholerae cell adherence (hemagglutination). Infect. Immun. 39,147-154. 

Other infections caused by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Salmonella typhi, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, H. ducreyi, Shilgella, Vibrio cholerae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staph, aureus etc. 

B A spirochetal infection Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae ... 

Choleratoxin is an enterotoxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. On infection, one of the toxin s subunits, the B subunit binds to a ganglioside, GMl, in the membrane of sensitive cells. On binding, the other subunit. A, is released. The A subunit is an ADP-ribosyltransferase which transfers ADP-ribose from NAD+ to the... 

Cholera is a major public health problem in developing countries and has caused enormous economic losses. The disease is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. In addition to water, contaminated foods can be the vehicle of infection. Different foods, including rice, vegetables, millet gruel, and various types of seafood have been implicated in outbreaks of cholera. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, and profuse watery diarrhea and may lead to severe dehydration and possibly death, unless fluid and salt are replaced. 

Lacroix EJ, Cloeckaert A, Grepinet O, Pinault C, Popoff MY, Waxin H, Pardon P. Salmonella typhimurium acrB-like gene identification and role in resistance to biliary salts and detergents and in murine infection. EEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1996 135 161-167. Colmer JA, Eralick JA, Hamood AN. Isolation and characterization of a putative multidrag resistance pump from Vibrio cholerae. Mol. Microbiol. 1998 27 63-72. 

We consider here some pathologies of the G-protein-dependent signal pathways. Let us first consider the mechanism of action of the cholera toxin, secreted by the intestinal bacterium Vibrio cholera. Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease that can be life threatening. It causes voluminous secretion of electrolytes and fluids from the intestines of infected persons. The cholera toxin, choleragen, is a protein composed of two functional units—a B subunit that binds to gangliosides of the intestinal epithelium and a catalytic A subunit that enters the cell. The A subunit... 

Opportunistic pathogens can be transmitted from one host to another without having to cause disease. However, in a host whose immune system is not functioning properly, the bacteria can cause an infection that leads to a disease. In those cases, the disease can help the bacteria spread to another host. Examples of opportunistic bacterial pathogens include Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 

West BC, Silberman R, Otterson WN. Acalculous cholecystitis and septicemia caused by non-Ol Vibrio cholerae first reported case and review of biliary infections with Vibrio cholerae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998 30(3) 187-91. 

Cholera results from an intestinal infection with the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio choleras that causes a debilitating, and even deadly, diarrhea. Successful treatment of cholera requires effective rehydration with solutions of glucose and salts (Kaper et ai, 1995). Administration of antibiotics decreases the duration of disease (Kaper et a/., 1995) vaccines are only partially effective. Koch, who first described Vibrio cholerae as the causative agent of cholera, suggested that it was a toxin-mediated disease (Koch, 1884). Over a half-century later, the existence of cholera toxin (CT) was demonstrated in cell-free culture filtrates (De, 1959 Dutta eta/., 1959) a decade later, purification of the protein toxin was achieved (Finkelstein and LoSpalluto, 1969). 

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